Sioux

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Sioux


The Sioux Native American tribes were made of small bands of woodland peoples that came to North America from Asia. Their straight black hair and other features seemed to connect them to the Chinese and Japanese. They first lived west of the Great Lakes in the Mille Lacs region of present day Minnesota. Most were pushed west into South Dakota by other tribes. By 1750, the Sioux made up some 0,000 people in the northern Great Plains. They dominated this region for the next century.


The name Sioux is an abbreviation of the French spelling of the name Nadouessioux, meaning little snakes, giving to then by neighboring Chippewa enemies. The Sioux are from the Siouan language group. They call themselves Dakota, Lakota, or Nakota, according to dialect, meaning allies. The Sioux language is spoken in three principal dialects, Santee, or eastern; Yankton, or middle; and Teton, or western. These dialects differ mainly in the exchange of the letters d, n, and l.


The Sioux Native Americans lead a nomadic life. Their movement depended on the buffalo. The buffalo provided them with almost everything they needed. When a buffalo was killed, some of the meat was cooked and eaten. The rest was cut into strips, dried on racks and stored for the winter. The hide of the buffalo was used to make moccasins, clothes, and tepees. Their horns were made into cups, bowls, and tools The Sioux also lived on small game, deer, and wild rice, and were surrounded by large rival tribes. Conflict with their enemy, the Chippewa, forced the Sioux to move to the buffalo ranges of the Great Plains. As the Sioux became better buffalo hunters, their tribes grew and prospered.


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Customs, not laws governed the Sioux Native Americans. Instead of giving orders, the chiefs offered advice. There were different chiefs for different purposes including War Chiefs, Civil Chiefs, and Medicine Men. These chiefs would meet regularly to discuss tribal matters. If a new rule was to be instituted, they had to have the approval of the whole tribe before instating it.


The Sioux were a warrior group so the War Chief was highly respected and vital in their tribe. A successful warrior could become a chief if the whole tribe elected him. He could also lose that honor if the tribe lost confidence in him. Young men were trained to be strong and brave. Before going to war, warriors gained courage and strength by dancing to songs and drumbeats. They painted their bodies and horses with colors and symbols representing spirits that would protect them.


The basic social unit of the Sioux was an extended family group that traveled together in search of buffalo called the tiyospe. The Sioux character slanted toward extremes. Infidelity in marriage was punished by disfigurement, an infraction of hunting regulations led to destruction of tepee and property, and mourners inflicted slashes on themselves during burial ceremonies.


They believed in one omnipotent god, Wakan Tanka, or the Great Mystery. Religious visions were cultivated in the ghost dance ceremony. One most important feature of the ghost dance was the ghost shirt. Because buckskin was in short supply, these shirts were almost always made of white cloth. The Sioux wore no metal of any kind in the dance. The dance sometimes began in the morning, as well as in the afternoon or evening.


To the Sioux, the earth was a great island plain surrounded by an ocean far to the west of the spirit world. In a magic house upon the top of a high mountain and guarded by four sentinel animals at the four doorways, lived the Wakinyan, or thunders, the greatest of the gods, and enemies of the earth spirits and the water spirits. The sun also was a great god.


Dreams were thought to be direct revelations of the supernatural. Fasting and sacrifices, including voluntary torture, were frequent. Among the ceremonies the annual sun dance was highly important. During this ceremony the principal performers danced for four days and nights, without food, drink, or sleep, enduring painful body lacerations. The warrior orders and various secret societies each had their special dance, and for young girls there was a puberty ceremony.


Since the battle at Wounded Knee, life has been very difficult for the Sioux Native Americans. Early Sioux schools tried to take away the children from the adults. The children were forced to think and act like whites and were punished for speaking their native tongue. Today about 0,000 Sioux live on reservations in South Dakota. There are also smaller reservations in North Dakota, Nebraska, and northeastern Montana. A few also live in Canada. Many have been forced to move to cities to find work.


The housing on the reservations is substandard. The wooden cabins they live in rarely have running water or electricity. Despite their difficulties, the Sioux strive to preserve their traditional lifestyle. Tribes today are usually governed by a tribal council with a chairman and other officers who are elected by the tribe. Of the 10,55 Sioux in the United States and Canada in 10, most lived on reservations in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Nebraska. They retain their language and its three principle dialects. The Sioux have been active in the modern Native American civil rights movement, seeking restoration of their land and the institution of a modernized form of traditional life. They have been involved in the American Indian Movement (AIM), a civil rights group that has actively protested government treatment of Native Americans since the late 160s.





Bibliography


Mooney, James. The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 180. Lincoln, NE University of Nebraska Press, 11.


Oneil, K. “Walk the Life of the Sioux Indians.” http//www.d1.k1.il.us/isu_d1_pds/ss_projects/native_americans/


Sioux. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Microsoft Corporation, 000.


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