We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Homeless even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Homeless in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The cloudy sky seems like it¡¦s going to rain again. The weather is getting even colder these days. I think I have to find a place to hide quickly if I don¡¦t want to have a special ¡§shower¡¨ today. But, it seems like I have no strength to move my body at all anymore. It¡¦s has been 7 days; I still haven¡¦t eaten anything, not even a piece of bread.
Ah! How did I end up like this? My mind is getting delirious, maybe because I am too hungry to think. I remember I was rich and had a happy family. Yet, I indulged myself in gambling and drinking. Finally, I lost everything I had; I lost my job and my self-control, and all my money. Sigh, even my family left me at the end. I regret and confess everyday, but things will never turn back.
I feel cold and hungry. I try to talk to someone, but no word comes out of my mouth, I have no more strengths and no one will listen. Everyone is in a hurry and there is a frosty look draws on everyone¡¦s face. The coldness comes from the passersby¡¦s eye impale my heart and make me even colder.
The first raindrop from the sky falls on my shoulder. My sight starts getting blurry, and the world gets darker and darker. I can barely hear my breath and heartbeats. But, suddenly, everything turns into tranquility; there are no more noises, raindrops, breath and not even my heartbeats. I drift into the sky and leave the ground farther and farther away. My body is still lying down there, not moving at all.
Mind that the sample papers like Homeless presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Showing posts with label free college essays. Show all posts
Showing posts with label free college essays. Show all posts
Thursday, 25 April 2013
Tuesday, 22 January 2013
Journal about gZen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance h
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Journal about gZen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance h even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Journal about gZen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance h in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The subject of this article is creation from direct seeing. Author says we were taught imitation in school and unconsciously lost the ability to see directly. He thinks grading system of school cause it because students are supposed to think as teachers think or they lose credit, are regarded as strange. Consequently students are molded to stereotypes unconsciously. Thatf s right. I mostly agree with this point. In my case, even at this moment Ifm looking for the answer my teacher expects. The more I grew up, the more skills I acquired to deal with well. Then recalling is uncreative because just remember what was seen or told past. Itfs just going the way railed before. It seems easier. However the pressure to go gwrong wayh is great. I also know it.
In last class I wrote about the trivials. I was a little bit surprised to write more than I thought. Actually I wanted much more time. However, could I see directly? Was I creative? I narrowed down my objects and I could write much, but I wonder I only meet teacherfs expectation. I narrowed down because teacher told to do it and expected me to do it. If I just obeyed I couldnft see directly yet. Indeed it is difficult to remove the way I acquired once. So the purpose of writing coin is the first step of breaking blockage. Anyway the title contains gZenh. To understand it right is difficult for me, even though I am Japanese. I think if to see directly need kind of Zen ground (enlightenment?) ,
Mind that the sample papers like Journal about gZen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance h presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The subject of this article is creation from direct seeing. Author says we were taught imitation in school and unconsciously lost the ability to see directly. He thinks grading system of school cause it because students are supposed to think as teachers think or they lose credit, are regarded as strange. Consequently students are molded to stereotypes unconsciously. Thatf s right. I mostly agree with this point. In my case, even at this moment Ifm looking for the answer my teacher expects. The more I grew up, the more skills I acquired to deal with well. Then recalling is uncreative because just remember what was seen or told past. Itfs just going the way railed before. It seems easier. However the pressure to go gwrong wayh is great. I also know it.
In last class I wrote about the trivials. I was a little bit surprised to write more than I thought. Actually I wanted much more time. However, could I see directly? Was I creative? I narrowed down my objects and I could write much, but I wonder I only meet teacherfs expectation. I narrowed down because teacher told to do it and expected me to do it. If I just obeyed I couldnft see directly yet. Indeed it is difficult to remove the way I acquired once. So the purpose of writing coin is the first step of breaking blockage. Anyway the title contains gZenh. To understand it right is difficult for me, even though I am Japanese. I think if to see directly need kind of Zen ground (enlightenment?) ,
Mind that the sample papers like Journal about gZen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance h presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Monday, 22 October 2012
children are victims of all ages
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like children are victims of all ages even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like children are victims of all ages in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Children are victims of all ages
Children are the victims of all ages and eras. They are sensitive and fragile, as they always need the adults’ advice, care and love. However, through this age of materialism people forget their beloved children because they are either dreaming of money or fame. Therefore, we always realize that the children are trying to cling to their lives alone.
Several people have had the dream to correct the sins and errors of the human society. Hamlet Prince of Denmark, a Shakespearean tragedy, tells the story of a young man, by the name of Hamlet, who gained the knowledge of a terrible incident that his kingdom had suffered. Hamlet is a victim of his own humanity. The decisions he must make, make him human, and his indecisiveness makes him a man. Hamlet was a victim and a hero within his kingdom. He had knowledge of the vicious deception brought upon by his uncle, and he was the only person capable of correcting or at least trying to justify the death of his father. He was the only child of his parents, however, his father’s ghost asked Hamlet to avenge his death, and Hamlet’s procrastination to do so adds to his humanity. The play dramatizes the perpetual struggle to which all civilization that is genuine is doomed (Alexander 184). Hamlet reconciles his mothers hasty actions after the death of his father in lines one hundred thirty-seven through one hundred fifty-seven (Hamlet Prince 71). He begins with, But not two months dead! --Nay, not so much, not two, which clearly shows disgust in the hastiness of the marriage between his mother and his uncle. Hamlet is considered as Shakespearean victim, Hamlet is a complex story of revenge, the lack of love, and the ”madness of Hamlet.
Hamlet is presented by Shakespeare as the ideal man. Hamlet is what every man should be and as such an extreme, he is also presented with an extreme situation. He is a superman among men (G.W. Knight 8).
As for The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams (111-18), the idea conveyed in this play is that of image versus reality. The main theme of this play is about a frustrated family who are deserted by the father and each character escapes his/her reality in a different way. Amanda Wingfield, she is the mother of Tom and Laura and often digresses back to memories of her former days on the southern plantation farm and her night with 17 gentleman callers. Laura, she is the crippled and very shy daughter of Amanda who keeps her hard pressed to finding a husband. Tom is also pressed by his mother to find his sister a gentleman caller, and to keep the job at the shoe factory to support the family. Jim O’Connor is a friend of Tom from the factory who Tom invites to dinner and Amanda treats as Laura’s first gentleman caller. “On those occasions they call me - Ell Diablo! Oh, I could tell you things to make you sleepless! My enemies plan to dynamite this place. They’re going to blow us all sky-high some night! I’ll be glad, very happy, and so will you! You’ll go up, up on a broomstick, over Blue Mountain with seventeen gentlemen callers!” Tom says this to Amanda in a fit of rage.
Laura has her own imaginary reality through her glass menagerie her private world, and the breaking of it .The unicorn is Laura’s singularity, her return to reality, and her return to her retreat back into her world. . Another philosophy is that of escape. Tom tries to escape, and eventually does in the footsteps of his father. Laura is not seeking as hard to escape as Tom, although it would do her some good to escape her world and Amanda’s. She comes close with Jim, but is devastated and regresses back into her world, probably deeper than she was before.
In order to characterize Antigone as a heroine , it is important to study Antigone’s early childhood, which displays the origins of the characteristics found in her that make her a feminist. In Oedipus of Colonus, Sophocles illustrates these qualities that Antigone possesses. During the first twenty years of her life, Antigone spends her time secluded from society with her blind, exiled father, Oedipus. Sophocles sums up her childhood in the following soliloquy by OedipusSince her childhood ended and her body gained its power, has wandered ever with me, an old man’s governess; often in the wild forest without shoes, and hungry, beaten by many rains tired by the sun; yet she rejected the sweet life of home so that her father should have sustenance (Fitzgerald 104). Because she is secluded, Antigone never has to take her place in society as a woman. Without a female role model to show her how a woman is supposed to act, there is no one to raise her as a woman. She spends her days taking care of her blind father and leading him. She is his eyes and thus sees through the eyes of a male. She does not see the barriers that faced most women of the time. A sort of role reversal takes place between her and her father. She takes the position of the father and head of the family while her blind, helpless father acts as the child dependent upon Antigone for survival. She is in charge of making the decisions, caring for him, and being his shoulder as well as his eyes. In leading him and caring for him, she develops herself into a much stronger woman than the women of her society, becoming strong both mentally and physically. It is during this time in her life that Sophocles develops Antigone’s most important trait, her strong will. Antigone uses the characteristics and qualities that have developed inside of her through the years towards fighting for that which she believes. When the king denies her brother a proper burial and makes it illegal for anyone to bury him in Sophocles’ Antigone, Antigone decides it is up to her to take justice into her own hands and give him a proper burial. Ibsen writes typical of the ways that the characters might talk in relation to their position and their relationship with each other. Nora, committed forgery, not to save her husbands life, but to redecorate her house. Soul-struggles. Oppressed and bewildered by belief in authority, she loses her faith in her own moral right and ability to bring up her children. Bitterness. A mother in the society of to-day, like certain insects, (ought to) go away and die when she has done her duty towards the continuance of the species. Love of life, of home, of husband and children and kin. Now and then a womanlike shaking off of cares. Then a sudden return of apprehension and dread. She must bear it all alone. The catastrophe approaches, inexorably, inevitably. Despair, struggle, and disaster. The children Nora plays with her children and treats them like dolls. “NORA Never see him again. Never. Never. Never. Never see the children again. Them too. Never. Never. Oh - the icy black water! Oh - that bottomless - that -! Oh, if only it were all over! Now he’s got it - he’s reading it. Oh, no, no! Not yet! Goodbye, Torvald! Goodbye, my darlings.” Nora says this to herself when Torvald had left to his study to read the mail. The children are always the ones who pay the price of the adults’ mistakes.
M. Butterfly draws attention to the issue of western stereotyping of Asia, Hwang attacks western stereotypes by refiguring the well-known Madama Butterfly theme. Using Brechtian devices that place the viewer in a position to critically evaluate the representations in his play, Hwang hopes to break the century-old butterfly myth of Asian submissiveness to western dominance. M. Butterfly is originally written to be performed and not read, Hwang uses the narrator to describe the stage for the reader. Therefore, most of the narrator’s comments are related to how the characters move on stage, and how the stage itself looks like; “They start to walk about the stage. It is a summer night on the Beijing streets. Sounds of the city play on the house speakers” (Hwang 1). Hwang’s technique in M. Butterfly , the narrator is trying to be as objective and concise as possible; “Lights fade up to reveal Rene Gallimard, 65, in a prison cell. He wears a comfortable bathrobe, and looks old and tired. The sparsely furnished cell contains a wooden crate upon which sits a hot plate with a kettle, and a portable recorder” (Hwang 1). The only two describing words in this presentation of Gallimard and his cell are “comfortable” and “sparsely.” different. The narrator in M. Butterfly does not have the role a database revealing new facts about the characters but to describe the stage and the characters’ movements. Once again, it is important not to interpret that as a weakness in Hwang’s writing, but as another perspective on how to tell the reader about the secrets. Instead of doing it through the narrator, Hwang does it in a clever way through the conversation between characters
“Song ‘No…let me…keep my clothes…’
Gallimard ‘But…’
Song ‘Please…it all frightens me. I’m a modest Chinese girl’” (Hwang 40).
This quote, when read again after we know how the plot ends, is an obvious hint about what is yet to come. However, when read for the first time, the reader accepts Song’s excuse that she is “a modest Chinese girl.” However, Hwang leaves more to the reader to interpret by him- or herself; “Song, playing Butterfly, sings the lines from the opera in her own voice�which, though not classical, should be decent” (Hwang 15). “Decent” is in this case the narrator’s opinion, and the word probably has many different meanings depending on who reads it.
OEDIPUS”Oh my piteous children, known, well known to me are the desires wherewith ye have come well wot I that ye suffer all; yet, sufferers as ye are, there is not one of you whose suffering is as mine. “To Laius, King of Thebes, an oracle foretold that the child born to him by his queen Jocasta would slay his father and wed his mother. So when in time a son was born the infants feet were riveted together and he was left to die on Mount Cithaeron. But a shepherd found the babe and tended him, and delivered him to another shepherd who took him to his master, the King or Corinth. Polybus being childless adopted the boy, who grew up believing that he was indeed the Kings son. Afterwards doubting his parentage he inquired of the Delphic god and heard himself the weird declared before to Laius. Wherefore he fled from what he deemed his fathers house and in his flight he encountered and unwillingly slew his father Laius. Arriving at Thebes he answered the riddle of the Sphinx and the grateful Thebans made their deliverer king. So he reigned in the room of Laius, and espoused the widowed queen. Children were born to them and Thebes prospered under his rule, but again a grievous plague fell upon the city. Again the oracle was consulted and it bade them purge themselves of blood-guiltiness. Oedipus denounces the crime of which he is unaware, and undertakes to track out the criminal. Step by step it is brought home to him that he is the man. The closing scene reveals Jocasta slain by her own hand and Oedipus blinded by his own act and praying for death or exile. Here the children conflict is Oedipus himself and his own children.
Finally, we have to believe that the childhood of any person is the paintings of his character in the future. As a matter of fact, some children fall in the ocean of sins, others fall in the sea of distress and most of them feel frustrated. However, the lucky ones who find a real psychological care are very few .In other words, the fulfilling of our children’s needs must be our main target in life. If we are fortunate we might learn something about human nature from those dramatic plays we read in class.
Mind that the sample papers like children are victims of all ages presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Children are victims of all ages
Children are the victims of all ages and eras. They are sensitive and fragile, as they always need the adults’ advice, care and love. However, through this age of materialism people forget their beloved children because they are either dreaming of money or fame. Therefore, we always realize that the children are trying to cling to their lives alone.
Several people have had the dream to correct the sins and errors of the human society. Hamlet Prince of Denmark, a Shakespearean tragedy, tells the story of a young man, by the name of Hamlet, who gained the knowledge of a terrible incident that his kingdom had suffered. Hamlet is a victim of his own humanity. The decisions he must make, make him human, and his indecisiveness makes him a man. Hamlet was a victim and a hero within his kingdom. He had knowledge of the vicious deception brought upon by his uncle, and he was the only person capable of correcting or at least trying to justify the death of his father. He was the only child of his parents, however, his father’s ghost asked Hamlet to avenge his death, and Hamlet’s procrastination to do so adds to his humanity. The play dramatizes the perpetual struggle to which all civilization that is genuine is doomed (Alexander 184). Hamlet reconciles his mothers hasty actions after the death of his father in lines one hundred thirty-seven through one hundred fifty-seven (Hamlet Prince 71). He begins with, But not two months dead! --Nay, not so much, not two, which clearly shows disgust in the hastiness of the marriage between his mother and his uncle. Hamlet is considered as Shakespearean victim, Hamlet is a complex story of revenge, the lack of love, and the ”madness of Hamlet.
Hamlet is presented by Shakespeare as the ideal man. Hamlet is what every man should be and as such an extreme, he is also presented with an extreme situation. He is a superman among men (G.W. Knight 8).
As for The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams (111-18), the idea conveyed in this play is that of image versus reality. The main theme of this play is about a frustrated family who are deserted by the father and each character escapes his/her reality in a different way. Amanda Wingfield, she is the mother of Tom and Laura and often digresses back to memories of her former days on the southern plantation farm and her night with 17 gentleman callers. Laura, she is the crippled and very shy daughter of Amanda who keeps her hard pressed to finding a husband. Tom is also pressed by his mother to find his sister a gentleman caller, and to keep the job at the shoe factory to support the family. Jim O’Connor is a friend of Tom from the factory who Tom invites to dinner and Amanda treats as Laura’s first gentleman caller. “On those occasions they call me - Ell Diablo! Oh, I could tell you things to make you sleepless! My enemies plan to dynamite this place. They’re going to blow us all sky-high some night! I’ll be glad, very happy, and so will you! You’ll go up, up on a broomstick, over Blue Mountain with seventeen gentlemen callers!” Tom says this to Amanda in a fit of rage.
Laura has her own imaginary reality through her glass menagerie her private world, and the breaking of it .The unicorn is Laura’s singularity, her return to reality, and her return to her retreat back into her world. . Another philosophy is that of escape. Tom tries to escape, and eventually does in the footsteps of his father. Laura is not seeking as hard to escape as Tom, although it would do her some good to escape her world and Amanda’s. She comes close with Jim, but is devastated and regresses back into her world, probably deeper than she was before.
In order to characterize Antigone as a heroine , it is important to study Antigone’s early childhood, which displays the origins of the characteristics found in her that make her a feminist. In Oedipus of Colonus, Sophocles illustrates these qualities that Antigone possesses. During the first twenty years of her life, Antigone spends her time secluded from society with her blind, exiled father, Oedipus. Sophocles sums up her childhood in the following soliloquy by OedipusSince her childhood ended and her body gained its power, has wandered ever with me, an old man’s governess; often in the wild forest without shoes, and hungry, beaten by many rains tired by the sun; yet she rejected the sweet life of home so that her father should have sustenance (Fitzgerald 104). Because she is secluded, Antigone never has to take her place in society as a woman. Without a female role model to show her how a woman is supposed to act, there is no one to raise her as a woman. She spends her days taking care of her blind father and leading him. She is his eyes and thus sees through the eyes of a male. She does not see the barriers that faced most women of the time. A sort of role reversal takes place between her and her father. She takes the position of the father and head of the family while her blind, helpless father acts as the child dependent upon Antigone for survival. She is in charge of making the decisions, caring for him, and being his shoulder as well as his eyes. In leading him and caring for him, she develops herself into a much stronger woman than the women of her society, becoming strong both mentally and physically. It is during this time in her life that Sophocles develops Antigone’s most important trait, her strong will. Antigone uses the characteristics and qualities that have developed inside of her through the years towards fighting for that which she believes. When the king denies her brother a proper burial and makes it illegal for anyone to bury him in Sophocles’ Antigone, Antigone decides it is up to her to take justice into her own hands and give him a proper burial. Ibsen writes typical of the ways that the characters might talk in relation to their position and their relationship with each other. Nora, committed forgery, not to save her husbands life, but to redecorate her house. Soul-struggles. Oppressed and bewildered by belief in authority, she loses her faith in her own moral right and ability to bring up her children. Bitterness. A mother in the society of to-day, like certain insects, (ought to) go away and die when she has done her duty towards the continuance of the species. Love of life, of home, of husband and children and kin. Now and then a womanlike shaking off of cares. Then a sudden return of apprehension and dread. She must bear it all alone. The catastrophe approaches, inexorably, inevitably. Despair, struggle, and disaster. The children Nora plays with her children and treats them like dolls. “NORA Never see him again. Never. Never. Never. Never see the children again. Them too. Never. Never. Oh - the icy black water! Oh - that bottomless - that -! Oh, if only it were all over! Now he’s got it - he’s reading it. Oh, no, no! Not yet! Goodbye, Torvald! Goodbye, my darlings.” Nora says this to herself when Torvald had left to his study to read the mail. The children are always the ones who pay the price of the adults’ mistakes.
M. Butterfly draws attention to the issue of western stereotyping of Asia, Hwang attacks western stereotypes by refiguring the well-known Madama Butterfly theme. Using Brechtian devices that place the viewer in a position to critically evaluate the representations in his play, Hwang hopes to break the century-old butterfly myth of Asian submissiveness to western dominance. M. Butterfly is originally written to be performed and not read, Hwang uses the narrator to describe the stage for the reader. Therefore, most of the narrator’s comments are related to how the characters move on stage, and how the stage itself looks like; “They start to walk about the stage. It is a summer night on the Beijing streets. Sounds of the city play on the house speakers” (Hwang 1). Hwang’s technique in M. Butterfly , the narrator is trying to be as objective and concise as possible; “Lights fade up to reveal Rene Gallimard, 65, in a prison cell. He wears a comfortable bathrobe, and looks old and tired. The sparsely furnished cell contains a wooden crate upon which sits a hot plate with a kettle, and a portable recorder” (Hwang 1). The only two describing words in this presentation of Gallimard and his cell are “comfortable” and “sparsely.” different. The narrator in M. Butterfly does not have the role a database revealing new facts about the characters but to describe the stage and the characters’ movements. Once again, it is important not to interpret that as a weakness in Hwang’s writing, but as another perspective on how to tell the reader about the secrets. Instead of doing it through the narrator, Hwang does it in a clever way through the conversation between characters
“Song ‘No…let me…keep my clothes…’
Gallimard ‘But…’
Song ‘Please…it all frightens me. I’m a modest Chinese girl’” (Hwang 40).
This quote, when read again after we know how the plot ends, is an obvious hint about what is yet to come. However, when read for the first time, the reader accepts Song’s excuse that she is “a modest Chinese girl.” However, Hwang leaves more to the reader to interpret by him- or herself; “Song, playing Butterfly, sings the lines from the opera in her own voice�which, though not classical, should be decent” (Hwang 15). “Decent” is in this case the narrator’s opinion, and the word probably has many different meanings depending on who reads it.
OEDIPUS”Oh my piteous children, known, well known to me are the desires wherewith ye have come well wot I that ye suffer all; yet, sufferers as ye are, there is not one of you whose suffering is as mine. “To Laius, King of Thebes, an oracle foretold that the child born to him by his queen Jocasta would slay his father and wed his mother. So when in time a son was born the infants feet were riveted together and he was left to die on Mount Cithaeron. But a shepherd found the babe and tended him, and delivered him to another shepherd who took him to his master, the King or Corinth. Polybus being childless adopted the boy, who grew up believing that he was indeed the Kings son. Afterwards doubting his parentage he inquired of the Delphic god and heard himself the weird declared before to Laius. Wherefore he fled from what he deemed his fathers house and in his flight he encountered and unwillingly slew his father Laius. Arriving at Thebes he answered the riddle of the Sphinx and the grateful Thebans made their deliverer king. So he reigned in the room of Laius, and espoused the widowed queen. Children were born to them and Thebes prospered under his rule, but again a grievous plague fell upon the city. Again the oracle was consulted and it bade them purge themselves of blood-guiltiness. Oedipus denounces the crime of which he is unaware, and undertakes to track out the criminal. Step by step it is brought home to him that he is the man. The closing scene reveals Jocasta slain by her own hand and Oedipus blinded by his own act and praying for death or exile. Here the children conflict is Oedipus himself and his own children.
Finally, we have to believe that the childhood of any person is the paintings of his character in the future. As a matter of fact, some children fall in the ocean of sins, others fall in the sea of distress and most of them feel frustrated. However, the lucky ones who find a real psychological care are very few .In other words, the fulfilling of our children’s needs must be our main target in life. If we are fortunate we might learn something about human nature from those dramatic plays we read in class.
Mind that the sample papers like children are victims of all ages presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, 13 September 2012
How to be accepted.
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like How to be accepted. even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like How to be accepted. in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
[I’m writing this letter to my friends and family because I’ve decided to let go of this life that I have been suffering from. I’m not happy with the turn of events in this life of mine. This soul that I bare is being tortured. I feel like I’m not able to breathe in this world. This soul of mine has to be at peace. Please don’t be sad by the time you finish this letter. All I ask is that you forgive me for what I have done, but I am now at peace.] This could be an example of a note one leaves when they have committed suicide. Sometimes no notes or any writings are left after a friend or a family member has taken his or her life. It leads people to wonder why they have done this. On the outside, it might look like an unnatural act, but everything in life should never be taken at face value. There is always meaning when you read between the lines. When we want to figure out a person’s suicide, we have to put ourselves in their shoes and figure out what went wrong. Maybe there was no solution to their problems. Maybe this act in life was seen as a liberating move for them. Freeing their spirit from the many issues they face. Which could be seen in The Awakening by Kate Chopin and The Outcasts of Pokers Flat by Brette Harte? The awakening of one’s spirit through suicide could be seen as a liberating act.
Suicide is the intentional killing of oneself. Suicide is view as an unnatural act in life because of how we are brought into this world. We were given life by God and when our time is over in this world, God also has that ability to take it away. We as people shouldn’t prematurely take away the life that was created for us. That’s why suicide is looked so negatively by society.
Mind that the sample papers like How to be accepted. presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
[I’m writing this letter to my friends and family because I’ve decided to let go of this life that I have been suffering from. I’m not happy with the turn of events in this life of mine. This soul that I bare is being tortured. I feel like I’m not able to breathe in this world. This soul of mine has to be at peace. Please don’t be sad by the time you finish this letter. All I ask is that you forgive me for what I have done, but I am now at peace.] This could be an example of a note one leaves when they have committed suicide. Sometimes no notes or any writings are left after a friend or a family member has taken his or her life. It leads people to wonder why they have done this. On the outside, it might look like an unnatural act, but everything in life should never be taken at face value. There is always meaning when you read between the lines. When we want to figure out a person’s suicide, we have to put ourselves in their shoes and figure out what went wrong. Maybe there was no solution to their problems. Maybe this act in life was seen as a liberating move for them. Freeing their spirit from the many issues they face. Which could be seen in The Awakening by Kate Chopin and The Outcasts of Pokers Flat by Brette Harte? The awakening of one’s spirit through suicide could be seen as a liberating act.
Suicide is the intentional killing of oneself. Suicide is view as an unnatural act in life because of how we are brought into this world. We were given life by God and when our time is over in this world, God also has that ability to take it away. We as people shouldn’t prematurely take away the life that was created for us. That’s why suicide is looked so negatively by society.
Mind that the sample papers like How to be accepted. presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Wednesday, 29 August 2012
kerry james marshall
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like kerry james marshall even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like kerry james marshall in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Located at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago is One True Thing, Meditations on Black Aesthetics by Kerry James Marshall. Contained within this exhibit is a piece entitled 7 AM Sunday Morning. This particular painting showcases Chicago’s Bronzeville neighborhood, where Marshall is from. 7 AM is a composite of the buildings on Chicago’s south side in Bronzeville. This particular area, where Marshall is from, is known as a black metropolis with a strong community of black owned businesses. It was considered rich in culture until well after World War . According to Annie Ranttila, “The piece, 7am Sunday Morning, shows the neighborhood, created by the CHA, in despair; but somehow, beyond all expectations still thriving. The painting is huge. Somehow Marshall has captured the depraved squalor, but simultaneously the absolute beauty.”
The gently sunlit streets are empty except for a small group of people waiting for a bus. A liquor store, beauty shops and churches are within view. Birds flutter overhead. Trees. Street signs, pavement and trash. Vacant lots. Car engines ricochet off the rows of one-story buildings down the block, sound peaking for an instant before disappearing back into stillness. Music plays just beyond earshot. Notions of lyrics of song that are heard from the Bronzeville neighborhood are disrupted by the glare of sun off the buildings. The prismatic light represents one end where “black painting” represents the other. These are the life-like scenes of Chicago’s Bronzville neighborhood in the landscape of Marshalls 7AM Sunday Morning. “His painting 7 am Sunday Morning offers a nearly life-sized perspective of this street scene. A perfect surface uninterrupted by evidence of a brushstroke spreads out across the reality, almost rising up from within the buildings, the grass, the ironworks.”
In the most basic sense 7 AM is an acrylic painting on a canvas banner. However, when more closely examining the painting one can see that the intensities of the colors in this piece are very dull. The only brightness that can be seen is the sun shining through the clouds, which is intensely bright. The colors are more subdued and grayed. There is really a lighter value to the painting; it’s easy to see that all the colors are similarly light there isn’t a dark shape or object that sticks out from the rest of the painting. The dark shapes that are present aren’t visibly out of place. There is defiantly a split screen effect. It is possible that Marshall is trying to generate a before and after effect. On one end you have the neighborhood as a calm and serene place, and the other is the interruption of light, maybe symbolizing the mixing of cultures and disruption of a place that was rich and culture. On one end you have and identifiable place, the other is a place searching for an identity. Everything, with the exception of the distorted side, is very squared off and box-like. This however doesn’t really take away from the lifelike feel of the piece. It appears to be a realistic view an area of the Bronzeville neighborhood. Although, one is not sure if the area depicted is real or not, one gets the feeling that this area really looked like this at one time. The right side of the painting is comprised of geometric shapes, mostly hexagons and rhombuses. The texture of the painting itself is very smooth, there’s nothing elevated or nothing that rises above the landscape. The foreground is relatively empty; most of the content is really what would be considered toward the back of the piece. The relative lack of activity and soft hues of color give this piece a more laid back and calm appearance, which is quite a contrast to what the neighborhood is today. Marshall also has a great sense of space. The painting itself has a great sense of depth. When looking at it one gets the sense that the buildings in the background and the birds up in the sky are a great distance way. Everything is spread out and not bunched together and this contributes to the feeling of this being a very tranquil piece, its like everything is in perfect harmony.
In conclusion, this artwork by Kerry James Marshall can be best describes as realistic, but also has an objective quality, because of the prismatic affect. It is obvious that the subject matter on the “black painting” side is very realistic and subjective, with a clear subject matter. The prisms, however, make it really difficult to find the meaning of the painting and also make it difficult to describe all the elements presented.
Mind that the sample papers like kerry james marshall presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Located at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago is One True Thing, Meditations on Black Aesthetics by Kerry James Marshall. Contained within this exhibit is a piece entitled 7 AM Sunday Morning. This particular painting showcases Chicago’s Bronzeville neighborhood, where Marshall is from. 7 AM is a composite of the buildings on Chicago’s south side in Bronzeville. This particular area, where Marshall is from, is known as a black metropolis with a strong community of black owned businesses. It was considered rich in culture until well after World War . According to Annie Ranttila, “The piece, 7am Sunday Morning, shows the neighborhood, created by the CHA, in despair; but somehow, beyond all expectations still thriving. The painting is huge. Somehow Marshall has captured the depraved squalor, but simultaneously the absolute beauty.”
The gently sunlit streets are empty except for a small group of people waiting for a bus. A liquor store, beauty shops and churches are within view. Birds flutter overhead. Trees. Street signs, pavement and trash. Vacant lots. Car engines ricochet off the rows of one-story buildings down the block, sound peaking for an instant before disappearing back into stillness. Music plays just beyond earshot. Notions of lyrics of song that are heard from the Bronzeville neighborhood are disrupted by the glare of sun off the buildings. The prismatic light represents one end where “black painting” represents the other. These are the life-like scenes of Chicago’s Bronzville neighborhood in the landscape of Marshalls 7AM Sunday Morning. “His painting 7 am Sunday Morning offers a nearly life-sized perspective of this street scene. A perfect surface uninterrupted by evidence of a brushstroke spreads out across the reality, almost rising up from within the buildings, the grass, the ironworks.”
In the most basic sense 7 AM is an acrylic painting on a canvas banner. However, when more closely examining the painting one can see that the intensities of the colors in this piece are very dull. The only brightness that can be seen is the sun shining through the clouds, which is intensely bright. The colors are more subdued and grayed. There is really a lighter value to the painting; it’s easy to see that all the colors are similarly light there isn’t a dark shape or object that sticks out from the rest of the painting. The dark shapes that are present aren’t visibly out of place. There is defiantly a split screen effect. It is possible that Marshall is trying to generate a before and after effect. On one end you have the neighborhood as a calm and serene place, and the other is the interruption of light, maybe symbolizing the mixing of cultures and disruption of a place that was rich and culture. On one end you have and identifiable place, the other is a place searching for an identity. Everything, with the exception of the distorted side, is very squared off and box-like. This however doesn’t really take away from the lifelike feel of the piece. It appears to be a realistic view an area of the Bronzeville neighborhood. Although, one is not sure if the area depicted is real or not, one gets the feeling that this area really looked like this at one time. The right side of the painting is comprised of geometric shapes, mostly hexagons and rhombuses. The texture of the painting itself is very smooth, there’s nothing elevated or nothing that rises above the landscape. The foreground is relatively empty; most of the content is really what would be considered toward the back of the piece. The relative lack of activity and soft hues of color give this piece a more laid back and calm appearance, which is quite a contrast to what the neighborhood is today. Marshall also has a great sense of space. The painting itself has a great sense of depth. When looking at it one gets the sense that the buildings in the background and the birds up in the sky are a great distance way. Everything is spread out and not bunched together and this contributes to the feeling of this being a very tranquil piece, its like everything is in perfect harmony.
In conclusion, this artwork by Kerry James Marshall can be best describes as realistic, but also has an objective quality, because of the prismatic affect. It is obvious that the subject matter on the “black painting” side is very realistic and subjective, with a clear subject matter. The prisms, however, make it really difficult to find the meaning of the painting and also make it difficult to describe all the elements presented.
Mind that the sample papers like kerry james marshall presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Sunday, 29 July 2012
AdvertisingLevi Type 1 Jeans
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like AdvertisingLevi Type 1 Jeans even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like AdvertisingLevi Type 1 Jeans in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
1) Introduction to the brand and a brief description. Who makes the product? Why is it successful? What message is the manufacturer trying to communicate to the target audience?
“Levi Strauss was a visionary businessman who believed in simple and enduring ideas, such as quality and integrity.” In 185 Levi Strauss arrived on the shores of booming San Francisco and founded a company which would later become one of the worlds leading branded organisations, marketing its products in more than one hundred companies world wide. Since its founding Levi Strauss has sold more than .5 billion pairs of jeans and was described by Times magazines millennium issue as the best fashion of the 0th Century beating out the mini skirt and the little black dress.
The company’s pivotal moment came when the idea of putting rivets at the points of strain on the pants, such as on the pocket corner and at the base of the button fly. Once the patent was in place the product was brought to life through mass production. Within time all working men were buying the innovative new pants and spreading the word of its unrivalled durability.
Phil Marineau was the president and chief executive officer of Levi Strauss & Co was quoted as saying,
“Levi Jeans have been virtually worn by everyone, from the cowboys who forged the American West to the young people who tore down the Berlin Wall. Generations of people have worn Levis as a symbol of freedom, individuality and fun. This is why the brand has stood the test of time and is so appealing to today to consumers of all ages in more that 100 countries world wide.”
Originality is at the core of Levi Strauss. A pioneering spirit that started with the invention of blue jeans and permeates through the business. This year Levi Strauss has inspired a new denim line of clothing, Levi Type1 Jeans, which is the particular product covered in this report.
Although time has passed and needs have changed the essence of Levi Jeans has remained the same. Grounded in the past but re�invented, this new innovation demonstrates the boldness, the strength and the true iconic style, which still lives on in Levis. Type1 Jeans are designed for the determined and uncompromising person, the new pioneers.
After 150 years in business, Levi Type1 jeans are a celebration of the rich heritage, amplifying everything that makes Levis bolder and stronger. Echoing and intensifying the iconic trade marks that have become synonymous with Levi Jeans the deep indigo colouring, exaggerated button, striking rivets, brighter stitching and enlarged button loops.
“Levi Type1 Jeans are sexy and streetwise, this is a radical new take on a timeless style.” (Type1 website)
Branding and Levi Strauss
Branding is about making choices, helping you protect who you are or more importantly who you want to be. So brands are just a way of short cutting your, not only decision making, but also helping you define your identity.” (Chris Nhurko brand expert). Levi Jeans has two particular trademarks, which are synonymous with its name creating a unique and distinct identity
1. The distinct double arc of stitching � known as the arcuate stitching design � has adorned the back pockets of Levi Jeans since their inception and is one of the oldster apparel trademarks still in use today. This stitching represents the durability and strength of the Levi product.
. Secondly, the red tab which is evident on every pair of Levi jeans. This is the Levi trademark symbol and is used to distinguish Levis from imitations and competitors.
There are 4 different strategies, which you can approach branding with
· Corporate
· Family umbrella
· Range branding
· Individual branding
Levi falls under the corporate banner because the Levi name is the most prominent feature of the products. It is not know financially how much the Levi brand is worth but Joe Middleton, the European President of the company states “Our brand is our most important asset. It’s more valuable than our factories, our buildings, our warehouses and inventory.” (www.bbc.co.uk) Levi jeans leads the denim market (key not bulletin), which makes it easier to launch new products using the company name. This doe have certain risks such as if the product fails it could damage the brand as a whole.
The following characteristics makes the Levi Type 1 jeans unique
1. Enlarged buttons
. Enlarge button loops
. Deep indigo colouring
4. Bright arcuate stitching
5. Striking rivets
The unique selling points aim to create a bold and striking new product. Which is why they adopted a “Bold New Breed.” This new product sets out to amplify the synonymous iconic features turning them into a bold pair of Levi Type 1 Jeans
) What is the Latest advertising used? Consider ads from the same campaign but using different media in this section.
This form of advertising is known as above the line promotions, which is advertising placed in paid for media, such as the press, radio, TV and cinema. The ‘line’ is one in an advertising agency’s accounts, above which are shown its earnings on a commission basis, form the buying of media space from clients.
The purpose of advertising is to
q Create awareness
q Increase sales
q Display a product image and create associations
q Inform people about products
q Remind people about the product
q Encourage trial
q Modify attitudes
For the two different types of advertising media used by Levi Type 1 Jeans I have selected magazines and television. The Levis Type 1 advertising campaign is part of an integrated campaign including posters, and print, digital and retail, TV and cinema. The multi million pound campaign is the most expensive yet � although the company is refusing to disclose its exact cost. The catch phrase through out the campaign is “A Bold New Breed” and the defining elements which make this product unique are displayed vividly the deep indigo denim, and exaggerated buttons, rivets, stitching, actuate red tab and patch icons.
TV
The commercial is shot in Sunset Boulevard, which shows a “Bold New Breed” of Mice hybrids turning the tables on their natural predator - the cat, by kidnapping it. The mice issue a ransom demand to its owner who has to hand over bundles of cash to get her beloved pet back.
Actual real life mice were screen tested for the mice hybrid parts. They were ultimately selected if their characteristics were similar to that of the human models. The head actions of the mice were achieved by tempting them with honey sticks and the mice were even groomed before their close ups. The human bodies were used so that the sexiness of the jeans could be retained.
The background music also is used to support the overall idea of the advert. It is entitled “Payback Time” and is quite a fitting choice due to the underlying theme of revenge and rebellion which is prevalent in the advert.
Television is a useful advertising tool to use and with the growth of digital Television it looks set to improve even more. The way was cleared for digital television to go ahead by the broadcasting act 16 and sine then the market has grown quite considerably. A communications agency has predicted by 005 55% of the population of the UK will have access to digital TV.
Levis has in the past benefited greatly from advertising on TV (The 185 advert featuring Nick Karmen stripping down to his boxer shorts was credited by boosting sale by 800%) (www.levi.com) and as the market continues to grow they will be able to get their message across to a wider audience.
Advantages Disadvantages
- Reach large audience - Most expensive of all media
With single exposure
- Allows for high degree of - High production costs
Creativity
- Allows demonstrations - Lack of selectivity
- Flexibility as to scheduling - Long lead times for booking
And production
Magazines
Through the use of magazine advertising Levis has set about distilling the product down to its defining elements, highlighting the features that make this product distinctive
· The enhanced stitching
· The indigo backdrop
· Enlarged belt loops and pockets
They have still however, been careful to retain the sexiness of the human form.
The ABC Advertising Association has just said that while readership of newspapers is in decline magazine readership continues to grow, 80% of UK adults read consumer magazines and Heat magazine grew by nearly 00,000 actively purchased copies year on year. (Which is where this example is from)
The Periodicals Publishers Association had published these statistics
· Circulation has increased by 11m or .4 percent
· Consumers spend £605 million more each year on magazines
· The number of consumer magazines has increased by 5% since 1
With these facts and figures it can be said that it would be wise to advertise in magazines. Apart from it being cheaper than advertising on TV and the growth rate of the market it is also easier to target your audience. For example Levi advertises in Heat, which is read by mainly 18 � 0 year olds and is the target market Levi aims for.
Advantages Disadvantages
- High circulation - High costs of production
- High quality of reproduction - Long lead times
- Potential high prestige
- Reader motivation
Hierarchy of effects
Ranges of models have been developed that propose a sequence of response that occurs as a result of a message being received by the audience. The principle that underlies these models is that promotions act as a stimulus which gives rise to a “conditioned response”. These models suggest that effective communication must carry its audience through the sequence of responses, hence its term ‘hierarchy of effects’.
The models have many weaknesses, the most significant being their simplification of a complex psychological and behavioural process. The audience is seen as a passive recipient of messages as opposed to an active seeker and participant in the communication process. Consumer research has shown that many consumers set pre-determined parameters within which a purpose decision might be made, such as price range and style of product.
The model, which will be used to demonstrate the launching of the Levi Type 1 Jeans, will be demonstrated through the Aida Model
ATTENTION - through its unique advertising campaign Levi Type 1 Jeans should capture the attention of the consumer.
INTEREST - once the attention gained, the information and product displayed should serve to interest the consumer.
DESIRE - the product needs to be displayed in such a way so that once interest has been achieved the advert needs to provoke a desire to purchase the new Levi Type 1 Jeans.
ACTION - finally once all these stages have been passed, it is the ultimate goal for the actual products to be purchased, hence, action.
The agency used by the manufacturer to promote the brand. Include a background of the agency, any other products they promote and their role in the advertising process of your selected brand.
Leadership
Nigel Bogle, CEO
JohnHegarty, chairman & creative director
Simon Sherwood, group managing director
Sovereigns Publishing Limited has described Bartle, Bogle and Hegarty as “one of those unusual agencies. Renowned for its creativity � it has consistently outflanked its rivals at Cannes and other festival � it has an approach to developing international campaigns that is virtually unique.” BBH is credited with winning the Queens Award for Export in 16 and 17 � the only ad agency to ever achieve this � and has continually shown to a conservative advertising world that international, unifying advertising solutions are frequently best produced in one place and in 001 Marketing Magazine (UK) named BBH its “Agency of the Year.
BBH has always based its structures and processes around one primary objective to ensure the very best strongest creative ideas for their clients. The agency operates through offices in London, New York City, Singapore and Tokyo offering local and global ad services to its clients. BBH -- which was founded in 18 by John Bartle, Nigel Bogle, and John Hegarty -- is 4% owned by the advertising conglomerate Leo Burnett. Advertising Age rank the agency as the # ad organisation worldwide in 001, with estimated gross income of $74m on billings of $581m.
BBH aims to create for their clients and to lead in creating shared noise and interest around brands, to make them more valuable. Very simply BBH is the fame factory.
Ever since it’s founding in 18 BBH has been making Levi Jeans a “gotta have” fashion. Levis were on of their founding clients and this year they celebrate working together to create truly famous advertising which has helped to build one of the best known global brands and a denim market leader worldwide.
In the early 80’s Levis was in a denim market that had no clear brand leadership, sales had peaked in 181but were now in decline. The challenge to BBH was how to present the Levi 501 brand as a cool and desirable product and to drive sales. In order to do this they decided to capture the enduring values of youth
· Sex
· Rebellion
· Freedom
· Individuality
And Levis was catapulted into super stardom as the product and its advertising campaign, thanks to BBH, became a smash hit and created enormous and long lasting fame for the brand. The campaign started an immediate brand turn both in image and in sales, and in the ten years following the 185 airing Levis volume of sales increased by 80%
Beliefs
1. The power of creativity and the primacy of the idea
. Encouraging ideas from any source
. The right of everyone to be listened to
4. The fundamental importance of effectiveness and accountability
5. Processes that liberate creativity
6. Client relationships that encourage equal status, allowing best advice
7. An organisation without politics
8. Providing opportunity, stimulation and consideration to all who work with us
. The need for honesty decency and integrity in al that we do
10. The obligations these beliefs place upon us
Major Clients
§ Audi
§ Diageo
§ Electrolux
§ Interbrew
§ Whitbread
§ Polaroid
§ Sony Ericsson
§ Unilever
§ X-box
§ Johnnie Walker
Details of at least below the line techniques used by the manufacturer to promote the brand
Definition
“The planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and understanding between an organisation and its publics.” (Institute of Public Relations)
Mechanisms
· Press releases
· Publicity
· Product or service literature
· Product placement
· Promotional videos
· Exhibitions and shows
· Sports and art sponsorship
Publicity � generating editorial coverage
When Levi Strauss died the San Francisco bulletin headline read “Levi Strauss, merchant, philanthropist, dies peacefully at his home.” Levi gave blue jeans to the world, but also exemplified leadership in business ethics and social responsibility.
Levi Strauss has generated a great deal of positive publicity through its fight against AIDS campaign. In 18 Levi Strauss became the first corporation to tackle the emerging issue of HIV/AIDS. Since that time, the company has been a leader in organising the corporate world in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Numerous organisations have recognised the company for its leadership and in 187 The New York Times wrote “Levi Strauss, the jean maker long known for its unusual commitment to employees, and for its philanthropic activities, is considered a leader in the AIDS movement.” The Levi Strauss foundation has made more than $5 million in grants for HIV/AIDS care and prevention in the last two decades. This sort of publicity enables the company to be seen more positively in the minds of people.
Press Releases � damage control
If a company is going through a crisis a press release is released which will counter the crisis which is taking place. A press release, however, is not always about damage control it can also be about new developments the company is about to embark upon, for example, a merger or a launch of a new product.
A recent press release which Levi Strauss has just issued is the exciting new launch of its website as well as the launching of a new type of Jean (see appendix). With the supermarkets battling it out to sell Levi Jeans cheaply the company countered this with manufacturing a new type of jean which can be sold cheaply and thus not affecting the prestigious images which are synonymous with the product.
Websites
Most companies of any size now have a site on the Internet and Levi is no exception. As a celebrations of its 150 year old heritage the company has just unveiled a ground breaking website which “brings to the forefront the very soul of the Levi brand and kick starts a new generation of website”. (Press Release, see appendix)
A website is a collection of screens providing information in text and graphic form, any of which can be viewed simply by clicking the appropriate button, word or image on the screen. The user generally starts at the sites home page which sets out the contents of the site. Besides the improved central navigation bar the website offers not only brand information for 8 European markets, available in five different languages (English, German, French, Spanish, and Italian) but also three ways to experience the Levi brand online
- Historical timeline which guides the user through the history of the Levi brand
- A rational experience which allows the user to navigate the content in a classic, organised way
- A random experience where the content appears randomly onto the screen
This new approach renders the site “dynamic, flexible and scalable. It creates an organic, living site rooted in the Levis brand ethos of individuality, freedom rebelliousness and pioneering edge.” (www.levistrauss.com)
The Levi website was designed by Lateral, the brand digital marketing agency. The aim is to offer a true cutting edge platform for the brand without pop ups and multiple sub sites. The designers used the catch line “make them your own” to personalise the sight according to preferences so now each time an individual logs on he will receive a totally specific and unique experience, ensuring that the site is attractive, easy to use and appealing to return to.
The Internet is reckoned to be currently the fastest growing communications medium in Britain. It is thought hat use is growing at between 10% and 15% per month. Recent research has suggested that by the end of 001 m people will have access to the Internet through work or home. The figure accounts for almost half the UK population so that is why Levi saw fit to create such an innovative website. (see appendix for print out of front page)
“I am really proud that at the same time we are celebrating the 150th anniversary of Levi Strauss & Co. and the 10 year old heritage of the Levi brand we are able to challenge ourselves more than ever and push the boundaries to offer our consumers relevant product, look and communication innovation.” (Kenny Wilson, Brand president)
Levis has realised that the internet is an important communication device, especially in the day and age and have hence designed a sate of the art Internet experience in the form of their website, ensuring an informative, easy to use interactive experience. This enables the company to portray its ethos in an accessible as well as practical way.
Sales Promotion
The Institute of Sales Promotion (ISP) defines sales promotion as “a range to tactical marketing techniques, designed with in a strategic marketing framework, to add value to a product or service, in order to achieve a specific sales and marketing objective.”
Objectives
Increase awareness and interest amongst target audiences
Achieve a switch in buying behaviour from competitor brands to your company’s brand
Incentivise consumers to make forward purchase of your brand, thus shutting out competitor purchase opportunities
Increase brand display allocated to your store
Smooth seasonal dips in demand for our product
Generate a consumer database from mail in applicants
A current sales promotion which Levi Strauss is undertaking is through the use of a “Student Snapfax” which is a magnetic booklet which is supplied to students in 17 different cities nationwide with pages of student discounts in a variety of different stores. In order to demonstrate how effective this sales promotion is I undertook a survey firstly to see how many people used their Snapfax and then of those people who used their Snapfax how many actually used it to shop at The Levi Store.
8% Used 51% used it once in Levi Store
5% Never used it 10% used it more than once
6% lost it % never used it in a Levi Store
So potentially 68 people out of 100 at universities who have access to the Snapfax shop at the Levi store making use of the sales promotion. So it can be said that the Sales Promotion is a success due to the numbers who make use of it. It is quite apt for the Levi Company to advertise in the Snapfax due to their target audience being in the 18 � 0 year old range.
Conclusion
The integrated advertising campaign which Levi Strauss has launched has been, in my opinion and a number of people I have spoken to, been very effective. The television advert due to its uniqueness is quite attention grabbing and definitely arouses interest due to the unusual concept of mice hybrids. The magazine advert is very clear and simple and distils the product down to its defining elements. The unique selling points are displayed in a vivid and simple way. The website is very clear in indicating where products can be purchased, not only in a specific country but a specific continent too. The Levi Type 1 integrated advertising campaign is very clear in identifying the brand and organisation leaving no room for obscurity. The advertising campaign is also acceptable to a range of stakeholder audiences and won’t offend anyone.
As a recommendation I feel that the website should be made more accessible when I went to browse it on my computer it had to have a specific programme downloaded in order for the web page to run. This may be off putting for a prospective customer who can’t be bothered to download the programme needed in order to browse the Levi web site.
The television advert, although unusual, should not use the mice hybrids as many people found them quite off putting. Most people whom I spoke with decided that they were not a wise option and should not be used. They were described as “too weird.” A point to mention though is that everyone who watched the advert once remembered the hybrids, although not positively, they were successful in recalling the advert to people’s minds.
I think another recommendation should be that Levi Strauss should make the television advert less busy. There is so much going at once that no one really understands the message. It is not altogether clear and only after watching it a few times does the message come across clearly. The telephone call has no meaning to some people and then only at the end to people understand the kidnapping and ransom story. The fact that everyone is wearing Levi clothes too should be played on. There are people wearing new Type 1 mini skirts but no one realises this due to the speed and sometimes obscure approach which is used in shooting the advert.
Mind that the sample papers like AdvertisingLevi Type 1 Jeans presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
1) Introduction to the brand and a brief description. Who makes the product? Why is it successful? What message is the manufacturer trying to communicate to the target audience?
“Levi Strauss was a visionary businessman who believed in simple and enduring ideas, such as quality and integrity.” In 185 Levi Strauss arrived on the shores of booming San Francisco and founded a company which would later become one of the worlds leading branded organisations, marketing its products in more than one hundred companies world wide. Since its founding Levi Strauss has sold more than .5 billion pairs of jeans and was described by Times magazines millennium issue as the best fashion of the 0th Century beating out the mini skirt and the little black dress.
The company’s pivotal moment came when the idea of putting rivets at the points of strain on the pants, such as on the pocket corner and at the base of the button fly. Once the patent was in place the product was brought to life through mass production. Within time all working men were buying the innovative new pants and spreading the word of its unrivalled durability.
Phil Marineau was the president and chief executive officer of Levi Strauss & Co was quoted as saying,
“Levi Jeans have been virtually worn by everyone, from the cowboys who forged the American West to the young people who tore down the Berlin Wall. Generations of people have worn Levis as a symbol of freedom, individuality and fun. This is why the brand has stood the test of time and is so appealing to today to consumers of all ages in more that 100 countries world wide.”
Originality is at the core of Levi Strauss. A pioneering spirit that started with the invention of blue jeans and permeates through the business. This year Levi Strauss has inspired a new denim line of clothing, Levi Type1 Jeans, which is the particular product covered in this report.
Although time has passed and needs have changed the essence of Levi Jeans has remained the same. Grounded in the past but re�invented, this new innovation demonstrates the boldness, the strength and the true iconic style, which still lives on in Levis. Type1 Jeans are designed for the determined and uncompromising person, the new pioneers.
After 150 years in business, Levi Type1 jeans are a celebration of the rich heritage, amplifying everything that makes Levis bolder and stronger. Echoing and intensifying the iconic trade marks that have become synonymous with Levi Jeans the deep indigo colouring, exaggerated button, striking rivets, brighter stitching and enlarged button loops.
“Levi Type1 Jeans are sexy and streetwise, this is a radical new take on a timeless style.” (Type1 website)
Branding and Levi Strauss
Branding is about making choices, helping you protect who you are or more importantly who you want to be. So brands are just a way of short cutting your, not only decision making, but also helping you define your identity.” (Chris Nhurko brand expert). Levi Jeans has two particular trademarks, which are synonymous with its name creating a unique and distinct identity
1. The distinct double arc of stitching � known as the arcuate stitching design � has adorned the back pockets of Levi Jeans since their inception and is one of the oldster apparel trademarks still in use today. This stitching represents the durability and strength of the Levi product.
. Secondly, the red tab which is evident on every pair of Levi jeans. This is the Levi trademark symbol and is used to distinguish Levis from imitations and competitors.
There are 4 different strategies, which you can approach branding with
· Corporate
· Family umbrella
· Range branding
· Individual branding
Levi falls under the corporate banner because the Levi name is the most prominent feature of the products. It is not know financially how much the Levi brand is worth but Joe Middleton, the European President of the company states “Our brand is our most important asset. It’s more valuable than our factories, our buildings, our warehouses and inventory.” (www.bbc.co.uk) Levi jeans leads the denim market (key not bulletin), which makes it easier to launch new products using the company name. This doe have certain risks such as if the product fails it could damage the brand as a whole.
The following characteristics makes the Levi Type 1 jeans unique
1. Enlarged buttons
. Enlarge button loops
. Deep indigo colouring
4. Bright arcuate stitching
5. Striking rivets
The unique selling points aim to create a bold and striking new product. Which is why they adopted a “Bold New Breed.” This new product sets out to amplify the synonymous iconic features turning them into a bold pair of Levi Type 1 Jeans
) What is the Latest advertising used? Consider ads from the same campaign but using different media in this section.
This form of advertising is known as above the line promotions, which is advertising placed in paid for media, such as the press, radio, TV and cinema. The ‘line’ is one in an advertising agency’s accounts, above which are shown its earnings on a commission basis, form the buying of media space from clients.
The purpose of advertising is to
q Create awareness
q Increase sales
q Display a product image and create associations
q Inform people about products
q Remind people about the product
q Encourage trial
q Modify attitudes
For the two different types of advertising media used by Levi Type 1 Jeans I have selected magazines and television. The Levis Type 1 advertising campaign is part of an integrated campaign including posters, and print, digital and retail, TV and cinema. The multi million pound campaign is the most expensive yet � although the company is refusing to disclose its exact cost. The catch phrase through out the campaign is “A Bold New Breed” and the defining elements which make this product unique are displayed vividly the deep indigo denim, and exaggerated buttons, rivets, stitching, actuate red tab and patch icons.
TV
The commercial is shot in Sunset Boulevard, which shows a “Bold New Breed” of Mice hybrids turning the tables on their natural predator - the cat, by kidnapping it. The mice issue a ransom demand to its owner who has to hand over bundles of cash to get her beloved pet back.
Actual real life mice were screen tested for the mice hybrid parts. They were ultimately selected if their characteristics were similar to that of the human models. The head actions of the mice were achieved by tempting them with honey sticks and the mice were even groomed before their close ups. The human bodies were used so that the sexiness of the jeans could be retained.
The background music also is used to support the overall idea of the advert. It is entitled “Payback Time” and is quite a fitting choice due to the underlying theme of revenge and rebellion which is prevalent in the advert.
Television is a useful advertising tool to use and with the growth of digital Television it looks set to improve even more. The way was cleared for digital television to go ahead by the broadcasting act 16 and sine then the market has grown quite considerably. A communications agency has predicted by 005 55% of the population of the UK will have access to digital TV.
Levis has in the past benefited greatly from advertising on TV (The 185 advert featuring Nick Karmen stripping down to his boxer shorts was credited by boosting sale by 800%) (www.levi.com) and as the market continues to grow they will be able to get their message across to a wider audience.
Advantages Disadvantages
- Reach large audience - Most expensive of all media
With single exposure
- Allows for high degree of - High production costs
Creativity
- Allows demonstrations - Lack of selectivity
- Flexibility as to scheduling - Long lead times for booking
And production
Magazines
Through the use of magazine advertising Levis has set about distilling the product down to its defining elements, highlighting the features that make this product distinctive
· The enhanced stitching
· The indigo backdrop
· Enlarged belt loops and pockets
They have still however, been careful to retain the sexiness of the human form.
The ABC Advertising Association has just said that while readership of newspapers is in decline magazine readership continues to grow, 80% of UK adults read consumer magazines and Heat magazine grew by nearly 00,000 actively purchased copies year on year. (Which is where this example is from)
The Periodicals Publishers Association had published these statistics
· Circulation has increased by 11m or .4 percent
· Consumers spend £605 million more each year on magazines
· The number of consumer magazines has increased by 5% since 1
With these facts and figures it can be said that it would be wise to advertise in magazines. Apart from it being cheaper than advertising on TV and the growth rate of the market it is also easier to target your audience. For example Levi advertises in Heat, which is read by mainly 18 � 0 year olds and is the target market Levi aims for.
Advantages Disadvantages
- High circulation - High costs of production
- High quality of reproduction - Long lead times
- Potential high prestige
- Reader motivation
Hierarchy of effects
Ranges of models have been developed that propose a sequence of response that occurs as a result of a message being received by the audience. The principle that underlies these models is that promotions act as a stimulus which gives rise to a “conditioned response”. These models suggest that effective communication must carry its audience through the sequence of responses, hence its term ‘hierarchy of effects’.
The models have many weaknesses, the most significant being their simplification of a complex psychological and behavioural process. The audience is seen as a passive recipient of messages as opposed to an active seeker and participant in the communication process. Consumer research has shown that many consumers set pre-determined parameters within which a purpose decision might be made, such as price range and style of product.
The model, which will be used to demonstrate the launching of the Levi Type 1 Jeans, will be demonstrated through the Aida Model
ATTENTION - through its unique advertising campaign Levi Type 1 Jeans should capture the attention of the consumer.
INTEREST - once the attention gained, the information and product displayed should serve to interest the consumer.
DESIRE - the product needs to be displayed in such a way so that once interest has been achieved the advert needs to provoke a desire to purchase the new Levi Type 1 Jeans.
ACTION - finally once all these stages have been passed, it is the ultimate goal for the actual products to be purchased, hence, action.
The agency used by the manufacturer to promote the brand. Include a background of the agency, any other products they promote and their role in the advertising process of your selected brand.
Leadership
Nigel Bogle, CEO
JohnHegarty, chairman & creative director
Simon Sherwood, group managing director
Sovereigns Publishing Limited has described Bartle, Bogle and Hegarty as “one of those unusual agencies. Renowned for its creativity � it has consistently outflanked its rivals at Cannes and other festival � it has an approach to developing international campaigns that is virtually unique.” BBH is credited with winning the Queens Award for Export in 16 and 17 � the only ad agency to ever achieve this � and has continually shown to a conservative advertising world that international, unifying advertising solutions are frequently best produced in one place and in 001 Marketing Magazine (UK) named BBH its “Agency of the Year.
BBH has always based its structures and processes around one primary objective to ensure the very best strongest creative ideas for their clients. The agency operates through offices in London, New York City, Singapore and Tokyo offering local and global ad services to its clients. BBH -- which was founded in 18 by John Bartle, Nigel Bogle, and John Hegarty -- is 4% owned by the advertising conglomerate Leo Burnett. Advertising Age rank the agency as the # ad organisation worldwide in 001, with estimated gross income of $74m on billings of $581m.
BBH aims to create for their clients and to lead in creating shared noise and interest around brands, to make them more valuable. Very simply BBH is the fame factory.
Ever since it’s founding in 18 BBH has been making Levi Jeans a “gotta have” fashion. Levis were on of their founding clients and this year they celebrate working together to create truly famous advertising which has helped to build one of the best known global brands and a denim market leader worldwide.
In the early 80’s Levis was in a denim market that had no clear brand leadership, sales had peaked in 181but were now in decline. The challenge to BBH was how to present the Levi 501 brand as a cool and desirable product and to drive sales. In order to do this they decided to capture the enduring values of youth
· Sex
· Rebellion
· Freedom
· Individuality
And Levis was catapulted into super stardom as the product and its advertising campaign, thanks to BBH, became a smash hit and created enormous and long lasting fame for the brand. The campaign started an immediate brand turn both in image and in sales, and in the ten years following the 185 airing Levis volume of sales increased by 80%
Beliefs
1. The power of creativity and the primacy of the idea
. Encouraging ideas from any source
. The right of everyone to be listened to
4. The fundamental importance of effectiveness and accountability
5. Processes that liberate creativity
6. Client relationships that encourage equal status, allowing best advice
7. An organisation without politics
8. Providing opportunity, stimulation and consideration to all who work with us
. The need for honesty decency and integrity in al that we do
10. The obligations these beliefs place upon us
Major Clients
§ Audi
§ Diageo
§ Electrolux
§ Interbrew
§ Whitbread
§ Polaroid
§ Sony Ericsson
§ Unilever
§ X-box
§ Johnnie Walker
Details of at least below the line techniques used by the manufacturer to promote the brand
Definition
“The planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and understanding between an organisation and its publics.” (Institute of Public Relations)
Mechanisms
· Press releases
· Publicity
· Product or service literature
· Product placement
· Promotional videos
· Exhibitions and shows
· Sports and art sponsorship
Publicity � generating editorial coverage
When Levi Strauss died the San Francisco bulletin headline read “Levi Strauss, merchant, philanthropist, dies peacefully at his home.” Levi gave blue jeans to the world, but also exemplified leadership in business ethics and social responsibility.
Levi Strauss has generated a great deal of positive publicity through its fight against AIDS campaign. In 18 Levi Strauss became the first corporation to tackle the emerging issue of HIV/AIDS. Since that time, the company has been a leader in organising the corporate world in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Numerous organisations have recognised the company for its leadership and in 187 The New York Times wrote “Levi Strauss, the jean maker long known for its unusual commitment to employees, and for its philanthropic activities, is considered a leader in the AIDS movement.” The Levi Strauss foundation has made more than $5 million in grants for HIV/AIDS care and prevention in the last two decades. This sort of publicity enables the company to be seen more positively in the minds of people.
Press Releases � damage control
If a company is going through a crisis a press release is released which will counter the crisis which is taking place. A press release, however, is not always about damage control it can also be about new developments the company is about to embark upon, for example, a merger or a launch of a new product.
A recent press release which Levi Strauss has just issued is the exciting new launch of its website as well as the launching of a new type of Jean (see appendix). With the supermarkets battling it out to sell Levi Jeans cheaply the company countered this with manufacturing a new type of jean which can be sold cheaply and thus not affecting the prestigious images which are synonymous with the product.
Websites
Most companies of any size now have a site on the Internet and Levi is no exception. As a celebrations of its 150 year old heritage the company has just unveiled a ground breaking website which “brings to the forefront the very soul of the Levi brand and kick starts a new generation of website”. (Press Release, see appendix)
A website is a collection of screens providing information in text and graphic form, any of which can be viewed simply by clicking the appropriate button, word or image on the screen. The user generally starts at the sites home page which sets out the contents of the site. Besides the improved central navigation bar the website offers not only brand information for 8 European markets, available in five different languages (English, German, French, Spanish, and Italian) but also three ways to experience the Levi brand online
- Historical timeline which guides the user through the history of the Levi brand
- A rational experience which allows the user to navigate the content in a classic, organised way
- A random experience where the content appears randomly onto the screen
This new approach renders the site “dynamic, flexible and scalable. It creates an organic, living site rooted in the Levis brand ethos of individuality, freedom rebelliousness and pioneering edge.” (www.levistrauss.com)
The Levi website was designed by Lateral, the brand digital marketing agency. The aim is to offer a true cutting edge platform for the brand without pop ups and multiple sub sites. The designers used the catch line “make them your own” to personalise the sight according to preferences so now each time an individual logs on he will receive a totally specific and unique experience, ensuring that the site is attractive, easy to use and appealing to return to.
The Internet is reckoned to be currently the fastest growing communications medium in Britain. It is thought hat use is growing at between 10% and 15% per month. Recent research has suggested that by the end of 001 m people will have access to the Internet through work or home. The figure accounts for almost half the UK population so that is why Levi saw fit to create such an innovative website. (see appendix for print out of front page)
“I am really proud that at the same time we are celebrating the 150th anniversary of Levi Strauss & Co. and the 10 year old heritage of the Levi brand we are able to challenge ourselves more than ever and push the boundaries to offer our consumers relevant product, look and communication innovation.” (Kenny Wilson, Brand president)
Levis has realised that the internet is an important communication device, especially in the day and age and have hence designed a sate of the art Internet experience in the form of their website, ensuring an informative, easy to use interactive experience. This enables the company to portray its ethos in an accessible as well as practical way.
Sales Promotion
The Institute of Sales Promotion (ISP) defines sales promotion as “a range to tactical marketing techniques, designed with in a strategic marketing framework, to add value to a product or service, in order to achieve a specific sales and marketing objective.”
Objectives
Increase awareness and interest amongst target audiences
Achieve a switch in buying behaviour from competitor brands to your company’s brand
Incentivise consumers to make forward purchase of your brand, thus shutting out competitor purchase opportunities
Increase brand display allocated to your store
Smooth seasonal dips in demand for our product
Generate a consumer database from mail in applicants
A current sales promotion which Levi Strauss is undertaking is through the use of a “Student Snapfax” which is a magnetic booklet which is supplied to students in 17 different cities nationwide with pages of student discounts in a variety of different stores. In order to demonstrate how effective this sales promotion is I undertook a survey firstly to see how many people used their Snapfax and then of those people who used their Snapfax how many actually used it to shop at The Levi Store.
8% Used 51% used it once in Levi Store
5% Never used it 10% used it more than once
6% lost it % never used it in a Levi Store
So potentially 68 people out of 100 at universities who have access to the Snapfax shop at the Levi store making use of the sales promotion. So it can be said that the Sales Promotion is a success due to the numbers who make use of it. It is quite apt for the Levi Company to advertise in the Snapfax due to their target audience being in the 18 � 0 year old range.
Conclusion
The integrated advertising campaign which Levi Strauss has launched has been, in my opinion and a number of people I have spoken to, been very effective. The television advert due to its uniqueness is quite attention grabbing and definitely arouses interest due to the unusual concept of mice hybrids. The magazine advert is very clear and simple and distils the product down to its defining elements. The unique selling points are displayed in a vivid and simple way. The website is very clear in indicating where products can be purchased, not only in a specific country but a specific continent too. The Levi Type 1 integrated advertising campaign is very clear in identifying the brand and organisation leaving no room for obscurity. The advertising campaign is also acceptable to a range of stakeholder audiences and won’t offend anyone.
As a recommendation I feel that the website should be made more accessible when I went to browse it on my computer it had to have a specific programme downloaded in order for the web page to run. This may be off putting for a prospective customer who can’t be bothered to download the programme needed in order to browse the Levi web site.
The television advert, although unusual, should not use the mice hybrids as many people found them quite off putting. Most people whom I spoke with decided that they were not a wise option and should not be used. They were described as “too weird.” A point to mention though is that everyone who watched the advert once remembered the hybrids, although not positively, they were successful in recalling the advert to people’s minds.
I think another recommendation should be that Levi Strauss should make the television advert less busy. There is so much going at once that no one really understands the message. It is not altogether clear and only after watching it a few times does the message come across clearly. The telephone call has no meaning to some people and then only at the end to people understand the kidnapping and ransom story. The fact that everyone is wearing Levi clothes too should be played on. There are people wearing new Type 1 mini skirts but no one realises this due to the speed and sometimes obscure approach which is used in shooting the advert.
Mind that the sample papers like AdvertisingLevi Type 1 Jeans presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Friday, 13 July 2012
chapter 44 - 59
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like chapter 44 - 59 even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like chapter 44 - 59 in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
CHAPTERS 4 & 44
Pip decides to visit Estella one last time before going into hiding with Magwitch, the convict. He finds a man named Drummle at the Blue Boar and the two argue over Estella. (p.81) Drummle says the two have being seeing each other. Pip goes to Satis House to deal with Miss Havisham, telling her he has discovered the identity of his real benefactor. Miss Havisham is unsympathetic; saying she never had to let him know it was not her who was supporting him. He then turns to Estella and confesses his love for her saying “I know. I have no hope of ever calling you mine, Estella…Still I love you. I have loved you since I first saw you in this house.” She tells him she is marrying Drummle. Pip tries to discourage her, begging her not to let Miss Havisham ruin her life. Estella is stubborn; she says she wants to marry Drummle. Although Pip is broken-hearted he learns the truth and this is important to him.
CHAPTER 4
In this chapter things are set right with Miss Havisham when she agrees to give financial help to Herbert by Pips request. She seems much kinder, and she wants Pips forgiveness for all she has done to him and she wants to show him she is not a heartless old woman. Pip goes for a walk to organize his thoughts. When he returns, he sees Miss Havisham in her wedding dress go up in a blaze. Pip rushes to save her, and she again asks him to forgive her. A doctor arrives and says that although she has been badly burnt, the terrible shock is the greatest danger to her life. Pip is burnt too, and he forgivingly kisses the old lady good-bye “though every vestige of her dress was, burnt as they told me, she still had something of her ghastly bridal appearance” Then Pip leaves and goes to look for Herbert. (p.0)
CHAPTERS 55-57
After Pips escape plan failed Magwitch is sentenced to death, but he will probably die from the damage a man named Compeyson gave him in the water. Pip visits Magwitch on his deathbed and tells him about Estella. Pip tells him how beautiful she is and how much he has loved her. Magwitch dies with happy thoughts on his mind.
Magwitch’s death depresses Pip. He is also heavily indebted and has no money. He becomes very ill, and he is too sick to even move. Joe arrives to help, by caring for him until he is healthy and paying his debts so Pip will not go to prison. Joe tells Pip about Miss Havishams death and her wealth, which she left to Estella and to Matthew Pocket. He also tells Pip it is not important to bring up the past. Pip says to Joe “I am thankful that I have been ill” probably because it made their friendship stronger. But Pip is surprised to see that one morning he awakens to find Joe has gone. A note left behind tells Pip that Joe thinks he is not good enough for Pip, who will be able to start his life once again. Pip decides to sell his property and make things right with Joe. He plans to return to his childhood home and has dreams of marrying Biddy. This dream would never become a reality.
CHAPTER 5
Eleven years later, Pip returns to England. He says he is happy working hard in his trade, and is pleased with his simple lifestyle. He goes to visit Joe and Biddy who are now married, and tries to convince Biddy that he’s content with being a bachelor. Pip then goes to Satis House and finds that it’s no longer standing. Pip walks through the overgrown plants, thinking of Estella. He heard that she was unhappy with Drummle, but that Drummle had also died recently. As he walks under the moonlight, Pip finds Estella wandering through the old garden. They talk of the past happily; they leave the garden hand in hand, as Pip said, “I saw no shadow of another parting from her.”
Mind that the sample papers like chapter 44 - 59 presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
CHAPTERS 4 & 44
Pip decides to visit Estella one last time before going into hiding with Magwitch, the convict. He finds a man named Drummle at the Blue Boar and the two argue over Estella. (p.81) Drummle says the two have being seeing each other. Pip goes to Satis House to deal with Miss Havisham, telling her he has discovered the identity of his real benefactor. Miss Havisham is unsympathetic; saying she never had to let him know it was not her who was supporting him. He then turns to Estella and confesses his love for her saying “I know. I have no hope of ever calling you mine, Estella…Still I love you. I have loved you since I first saw you in this house.” She tells him she is marrying Drummle. Pip tries to discourage her, begging her not to let Miss Havisham ruin her life. Estella is stubborn; she says she wants to marry Drummle. Although Pip is broken-hearted he learns the truth and this is important to him.
CHAPTER 4
In this chapter things are set right with Miss Havisham when she agrees to give financial help to Herbert by Pips request. She seems much kinder, and she wants Pips forgiveness for all she has done to him and she wants to show him she is not a heartless old woman. Pip goes for a walk to organize his thoughts. When he returns, he sees Miss Havisham in her wedding dress go up in a blaze. Pip rushes to save her, and she again asks him to forgive her. A doctor arrives and says that although she has been badly burnt, the terrible shock is the greatest danger to her life. Pip is burnt too, and he forgivingly kisses the old lady good-bye “though every vestige of her dress was, burnt as they told me, she still had something of her ghastly bridal appearance” Then Pip leaves and goes to look for Herbert. (p.0)
CHAPTERS 55-57
After Pips escape plan failed Magwitch is sentenced to death, but he will probably die from the damage a man named Compeyson gave him in the water. Pip visits Magwitch on his deathbed and tells him about Estella. Pip tells him how beautiful she is and how much he has loved her. Magwitch dies with happy thoughts on his mind.
Magwitch’s death depresses Pip. He is also heavily indebted and has no money. He becomes very ill, and he is too sick to even move. Joe arrives to help, by caring for him until he is healthy and paying his debts so Pip will not go to prison. Joe tells Pip about Miss Havishams death and her wealth, which she left to Estella and to Matthew Pocket. He also tells Pip it is not important to bring up the past. Pip says to Joe “I am thankful that I have been ill” probably because it made their friendship stronger. But Pip is surprised to see that one morning he awakens to find Joe has gone. A note left behind tells Pip that Joe thinks he is not good enough for Pip, who will be able to start his life once again. Pip decides to sell his property and make things right with Joe. He plans to return to his childhood home and has dreams of marrying Biddy. This dream would never become a reality.
CHAPTER 5
Eleven years later, Pip returns to England. He says he is happy working hard in his trade, and is pleased with his simple lifestyle. He goes to visit Joe and Biddy who are now married, and tries to convince Biddy that he’s content with being a bachelor. Pip then goes to Satis House and finds that it’s no longer standing. Pip walks through the overgrown plants, thinking of Estella. He heard that she was unhappy with Drummle, but that Drummle had also died recently. As he walks under the moonlight, Pip finds Estella wandering through the old garden. They talk of the past happily; they leave the garden hand in hand, as Pip said, “I saw no shadow of another parting from her.”
Mind that the sample papers like chapter 44 - 59 presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, 12 July 2012
How To Wash Your Hands
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like How To Wash Your Hands even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like How To Wash Your Hands in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
You know the question that comes out of every parents mouth 1,000 times a day. No, its not Why cant you leave your sister (or brother) alone? Its not Why is the dog wearing your baseball hat? or even What is your homework doing all bunched up at the bottom of your backpack?! Its Did you wash your hands?
Why are adults so hung up on hand washing? Why are they so in love with lather?
Washing your hands is the best way to stop germs from spreading. Think about all the things that you touched today - from your telephone to the toilet, your sweaty T-shirt to your slimy tissue. Even though you cant see them, many things that you touch every day are covered with germs. When you have germs on your hands, you can pass them to other people without even knowing it and make them sick. Or those same germs can make you sick by hitching a ride into your body each time you touch your food or put your hands in your mouth, or rub your nose or your eyes. Think about how many foods you eat with your hands every day. The most important thing that you can do to keep from getting sick is to wash your hands. By frequently washing your hands you wash away germs that you have picked up from other people, or from contaminated surfaces, or from animals and animal waste. You can also spread germs directly to others or onto surfaces that other people touch, and before you know it, everybody around you is getting sick.
The important thing to remember is that, in addition to colds, some pretty serious diseases -- like hepatitis A, meningitis, and infectious diarrhea -- can easily be prevented if people make a habit of washing their hands.
When should you wash your hands?
You should wash your hands often. Probably more often than you do now because you cant see germs with the naked eye or smell them, so you do not really know where they are hiding. It is especially important to wash your hands before, during, and after you prepare food. Before you eat, and after you use the bathroom are other times you should wash your hands. You should also wash your hands after handling animals (or animal waste), when your hands are dirty, and more frequently when someone in your home is sick.
What is the correct way to wash your hands?
• First wet your hands preferably with warm water. Apply liquid or clean bar soap. Place the bar soap on a rack and allow it to drain. Use whatever soap you like. Some soaps come in cool shapes and colors or smell nice, but whatever kind gets you scrubbing is the kind you should use. Antibacterial soaps are OK to use, but theyre not necessary for getting rid of germs.
• Next rub your hands vigorously together and scrub all surfaces. Work up some lather on both sides of your hands, your wrists, and between your fingers. Dont forget to wash around your nails - germs favorite finger hideaway.
• Continue for 10 - 15 seconds or about the length of a little tune. It is the soap combined with the scrubbing action that helps dislodge and remove germs.
• Rinse and dry well with a clean towel..
It is estimated that one out of three people do not wash their hands after using the restroom. So these tips are also important when you are out in public. When using a public restroom you can dispense paper towels before you wash your hands. When finished, dry your hands with the pre-dispensed towel. Then use it to turn off the water and open the door before discarding it into the waste basket.
After listening to my speech I hope you now have a better understanding of how to wash your hands and ways this process is beneficial. Washing your hands regularly can certainly save a lot on medical bills. Because it costs less than a penny, you could say that this pennys worth of prevention can save you a $50 visit to the doctor.
Mind that the sample papers like How To Wash Your Hands presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
You know the question that comes out of every parents mouth 1,000 times a day. No, its not Why cant you leave your sister (or brother) alone? Its not Why is the dog wearing your baseball hat? or even What is your homework doing all bunched up at the bottom of your backpack?! Its Did you wash your hands?
Why are adults so hung up on hand washing? Why are they so in love with lather?
Washing your hands is the best way to stop germs from spreading. Think about all the things that you touched today - from your telephone to the toilet, your sweaty T-shirt to your slimy tissue. Even though you cant see them, many things that you touch every day are covered with germs. When you have germs on your hands, you can pass them to other people without even knowing it and make them sick. Or those same germs can make you sick by hitching a ride into your body each time you touch your food or put your hands in your mouth, or rub your nose or your eyes. Think about how many foods you eat with your hands every day. The most important thing that you can do to keep from getting sick is to wash your hands. By frequently washing your hands you wash away germs that you have picked up from other people, or from contaminated surfaces, or from animals and animal waste. You can also spread germs directly to others or onto surfaces that other people touch, and before you know it, everybody around you is getting sick.
The important thing to remember is that, in addition to colds, some pretty serious diseases -- like hepatitis A, meningitis, and infectious diarrhea -- can easily be prevented if people make a habit of washing their hands.
When should you wash your hands?
You should wash your hands often. Probably more often than you do now because you cant see germs with the naked eye or smell them, so you do not really know where they are hiding. It is especially important to wash your hands before, during, and after you prepare food. Before you eat, and after you use the bathroom are other times you should wash your hands. You should also wash your hands after handling animals (or animal waste), when your hands are dirty, and more frequently when someone in your home is sick.
What is the correct way to wash your hands?
• First wet your hands preferably with warm water. Apply liquid or clean bar soap. Place the bar soap on a rack and allow it to drain. Use whatever soap you like. Some soaps come in cool shapes and colors or smell nice, but whatever kind gets you scrubbing is the kind you should use. Antibacterial soaps are OK to use, but theyre not necessary for getting rid of germs.
• Next rub your hands vigorously together and scrub all surfaces. Work up some lather on both sides of your hands, your wrists, and between your fingers. Dont forget to wash around your nails - germs favorite finger hideaway.
• Continue for 10 - 15 seconds or about the length of a little tune. It is the soap combined with the scrubbing action that helps dislodge and remove germs.
• Rinse and dry well with a clean towel..
It is estimated that one out of three people do not wash their hands after using the restroom. So these tips are also important when you are out in public. When using a public restroom you can dispense paper towels before you wash your hands. When finished, dry your hands with the pre-dispensed towel. Then use it to turn off the water and open the door before discarding it into the waste basket.
After listening to my speech I hope you now have a better understanding of how to wash your hands and ways this process is beneficial. Washing your hands regularly can certainly save a lot on medical bills. Because it costs less than a penny, you could say that this pennys worth of prevention can save you a $50 visit to the doctor.
Mind that the sample papers like How To Wash Your Hands presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, 3 July 2012
gays in the media and military
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like gays in the media and military even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like gays in the media and military in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Why is it that when a gay is exposed in the military, the country halts and pays full attention to the fact that a “queer” might be fighting for this great nation? And why is it that an entire state can be shocked by the community who’s football team’s star quarterback is a “fag?”
Will it matter then if the soldier leads this country into battle as an integral part of the army? And will it matter then if that quarterback leads the team to the state championship? Most likely, it won’t.
On top of the negativity that exists about gays/lesbians in the media one of the biggest concerns homosexuals have is lack of representation (in the media.)
There have been numerous gay rights marches, speakers, and not so pleasant beatings and brutal killings that somehow don’t make it to the news scene. In fact, in 15, 1% of 7,47 bias-motivated crimes reported to the FBI were committed out of sexual-orientation bias. (Hate Crime Statistics, 5.) While there are some, typically, there are no reports of these happenings in newspapers or television shows. However, there are a tremendous amount of half hour shows on what celebrities wore to the Grammy’s and who can survive on secluded island-eating bugs for six weeks. Where are our countries values?
The gay and lesbian community in this country has fought over countless incidents of negative feelings and prejudices in their role in the military and on high school teams. In the past 0 years they have strived to gain political, social, and religious respect, though the fight is still far from over. Some feel gays have made incredible strides, while others feel there has been little to no improvement from the
160-70’s. (Israel, 1.)
Not only should the gay and lesbian community receive coverage in the news, the attention given should be positive. In order to cast the proper view of homosexuals, the ever so important media needs to promote the educational basis to the public that will aid people in becoming more receptive and tolerant. (Israel, 17.) The media has such a large impact and influence on our society, thus the media’s bias plays a large role in what the country sees and how they see it.
Dr. Dane S. Claussen, the Assistant Professor of Communications & Mass Media at Southwest Missouri State University, believes that the following issues could have received much more media attention “men’s efforts to be openly gay Boy Scout leaders and several boys’ efforts to be openly gay Boy Scouts, the situation of men who are or are not openly gay in college fraternities, or would like to join college fraternities; gay athletes in high school, college and professional sports.” (Claussen) Opposing that are those who feel that the coverage of those issues is a little too much to ask. The media likes to focus on important eye catching material that will lure viewers, readers, or listeners. Media tends to cover HIV/AIDS, same-sex marriage, gay/lesbian parents adopting or retaining custody of children, gays/lesbians in the military, gay/lesbian politicians and entertainers, gay/lesbian characters and themes in television shows and movies, gay pride parades, and the role of gays/lesbians in organized religions because these issues are headliners. However, there are some alarming statistics that go unnoticed due to this topic’s lack of popularity.
For example, in 15, male homosexuals were the victims of the second largest amount of bias-violence to blacks who had the highest numbers. (Hate Crime Statistics, 1.) Yet the issues previously mentioned are just the controversial topics, the particular one’s the public is interested in. Underneath all of this is the reality that there really is little to no coverage of gays/lesbians in the media. (Claussen.) All the media covers are these particular issues, not the “typical homosexual” who is left in the background. The problem is, all gays aren’t afflicted with HIV/AIDS and all homosexuals are not in the military. There aren’t many gay entertainers and not all gay/lesbian parents have made the choice to adopt a child. The media tends to focus on specific examples that pertain to only a fraction of the gay community. With only bias coverage on gay/lesbian lifestyle, it is no wonder that the American public cannot see homosexuals as anything more then what these incidents portray gays/lesbians to be. Unfortunately the media does not give their reports in raw form. Everything we see, hear or read has been edited first. Through this careful selection process, important information may have been tossed, but no matter, the work is still produced. Unless having a first hand experience, the public has to rely on what the media shows them. If they (the media) show nothing at all, then the public takes their own views and opinions and shapes them, more often then not, into hatred. On the other hand, had gays/lesbians been shown as people just like you and me, the risk of hate crimes in this country towards gays/lesbians would most likely be reduced.
A vivid example of the media’s coverage of the gay/lesbian community is the controversial topic of gays/lesbians in the military in recent years. It began receiving media attention when more and more soldiers were “suing the U.S. Government to allow them to remain in the service…” (Claussen.) Although the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Don’t Pursue” policy has been implemented in U.S. forces, military officials believe it is not as effective as they may have hoped because some have been using this as an “out” from grueling military service, yet gay and lesbian organizations disagree. In the coverage the media has given this controversial matter, one important fact seemed to be left out. This one important fact has the potential to be what changes people’s views and may make some see how gays and lesbians serving in the military isn’t really all that bad. The media fails to report that there are numerous gays and lesbians serving in the military who have not been discharged by the personnel around them who are aware of their homosexuality. That forgotten fact is crucial.
Also, “once again the ethnocentric U.S. media have almost entirely overlooked the fact that openly gay men serve in other countries militaries without harming morale or effectiveness; are U.S. journalists so completely ignorant of the world, do they think the Unites States are so different from other countries and has nothing to learn from them, and/or do they support the U.S. military’s prejudice and ignorance? We do not know.” (Claussen) Dr. Claussen is saying that our country must be so arrogant that we cannot take and learn from other nations tolerance and acceptance of others. I agree with him because the U.S. really has a lot to learn in order to live up to the potential of one great nation, “for liberty and justice for all.”
In case you’re wondering, no, I’m not a lesbian. Maybe one would think that I am because I chose this topic, but I’m not. I just feel that it is crucial for the public to have important information concerning gays/lesbians at their (the public’s) disposal. Also, aside from mentioning only particular interests, I think it would be beneficial for the media to promote gay/lesbian awareness and include the positive aspects of their lifestyle and strides they’ve made as opposed to only defeats and hate crimes.
Before writing this paper, prejudices against the gay/lesbian community always concerned me because one of my best friends is a lesbian. She is not mentioned in newscasts or articles because she is considered to be a “normal” lesbian. That meaning she hasn’t adopted a child, or become affected with the HIV/AIDS virus. She’s just her, nothing special or fancy; she’s just a lesbian; she’s just Jen.
Unfortunately, I think to some extent that there will always be intolerance in society, whether it’s racial, religious or based on sexual preference. Hopefully, with the media’s help on their side, the gay/lesbian community can take hold of the public and show them that same sex relationships do not make them (gay/lesbian people) the devil, as many with anti views feel. I find it sad that no matter how big this society’s media grows, it’ll never be powerful unless it starts letting the discriminated minority in.
Mind that the sample papers like gays in the media and military presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Why is it that when a gay is exposed in the military, the country halts and pays full attention to the fact that a “queer” might be fighting for this great nation? And why is it that an entire state can be shocked by the community who’s football team’s star quarterback is a “fag?”
Will it matter then if the soldier leads this country into battle as an integral part of the army? And will it matter then if that quarterback leads the team to the state championship? Most likely, it won’t.
On top of the negativity that exists about gays/lesbians in the media one of the biggest concerns homosexuals have is lack of representation (in the media.)
There have been numerous gay rights marches, speakers, and not so pleasant beatings and brutal killings that somehow don’t make it to the news scene. In fact, in 15, 1% of 7,47 bias-motivated crimes reported to the FBI were committed out of sexual-orientation bias. (Hate Crime Statistics, 5.) While there are some, typically, there are no reports of these happenings in newspapers or television shows. However, there are a tremendous amount of half hour shows on what celebrities wore to the Grammy’s and who can survive on secluded island-eating bugs for six weeks. Where are our countries values?
The gay and lesbian community in this country has fought over countless incidents of negative feelings and prejudices in their role in the military and on high school teams. In the past 0 years they have strived to gain political, social, and religious respect, though the fight is still far from over. Some feel gays have made incredible strides, while others feel there has been little to no improvement from the
160-70’s. (Israel, 1.)
Not only should the gay and lesbian community receive coverage in the news, the attention given should be positive. In order to cast the proper view of homosexuals, the ever so important media needs to promote the educational basis to the public that will aid people in becoming more receptive and tolerant. (Israel, 17.) The media has such a large impact and influence on our society, thus the media’s bias plays a large role in what the country sees and how they see it.
Dr. Dane S. Claussen, the Assistant Professor of Communications & Mass Media at Southwest Missouri State University, believes that the following issues could have received much more media attention “men’s efforts to be openly gay Boy Scout leaders and several boys’ efforts to be openly gay Boy Scouts, the situation of men who are or are not openly gay in college fraternities, or would like to join college fraternities; gay athletes in high school, college and professional sports.” (Claussen) Opposing that are those who feel that the coverage of those issues is a little too much to ask. The media likes to focus on important eye catching material that will lure viewers, readers, or listeners. Media tends to cover HIV/AIDS, same-sex marriage, gay/lesbian parents adopting or retaining custody of children, gays/lesbians in the military, gay/lesbian politicians and entertainers, gay/lesbian characters and themes in television shows and movies, gay pride parades, and the role of gays/lesbians in organized religions because these issues are headliners. However, there are some alarming statistics that go unnoticed due to this topic’s lack of popularity.
For example, in 15, male homosexuals were the victims of the second largest amount of bias-violence to blacks who had the highest numbers. (Hate Crime Statistics, 1.) Yet the issues previously mentioned are just the controversial topics, the particular one’s the public is interested in. Underneath all of this is the reality that there really is little to no coverage of gays/lesbians in the media. (Claussen.) All the media covers are these particular issues, not the “typical homosexual” who is left in the background. The problem is, all gays aren’t afflicted with HIV/AIDS and all homosexuals are not in the military. There aren’t many gay entertainers and not all gay/lesbian parents have made the choice to adopt a child. The media tends to focus on specific examples that pertain to only a fraction of the gay community. With only bias coverage on gay/lesbian lifestyle, it is no wonder that the American public cannot see homosexuals as anything more then what these incidents portray gays/lesbians to be. Unfortunately the media does not give their reports in raw form. Everything we see, hear or read has been edited first. Through this careful selection process, important information may have been tossed, but no matter, the work is still produced. Unless having a first hand experience, the public has to rely on what the media shows them. If they (the media) show nothing at all, then the public takes their own views and opinions and shapes them, more often then not, into hatred. On the other hand, had gays/lesbians been shown as people just like you and me, the risk of hate crimes in this country towards gays/lesbians would most likely be reduced.
A vivid example of the media’s coverage of the gay/lesbian community is the controversial topic of gays/lesbians in the military in recent years. It began receiving media attention when more and more soldiers were “suing the U.S. Government to allow them to remain in the service…” (Claussen.) Although the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Don’t Pursue” policy has been implemented in U.S. forces, military officials believe it is not as effective as they may have hoped because some have been using this as an “out” from grueling military service, yet gay and lesbian organizations disagree. In the coverage the media has given this controversial matter, one important fact seemed to be left out. This one important fact has the potential to be what changes people’s views and may make some see how gays and lesbians serving in the military isn’t really all that bad. The media fails to report that there are numerous gays and lesbians serving in the military who have not been discharged by the personnel around them who are aware of their homosexuality. That forgotten fact is crucial.
Also, “once again the ethnocentric U.S. media have almost entirely overlooked the fact that openly gay men serve in other countries militaries without harming morale or effectiveness; are U.S. journalists so completely ignorant of the world, do they think the Unites States are so different from other countries and has nothing to learn from them, and/or do they support the U.S. military’s prejudice and ignorance? We do not know.” (Claussen) Dr. Claussen is saying that our country must be so arrogant that we cannot take and learn from other nations tolerance and acceptance of others. I agree with him because the U.S. really has a lot to learn in order to live up to the potential of one great nation, “for liberty and justice for all.”
In case you’re wondering, no, I’m not a lesbian. Maybe one would think that I am because I chose this topic, but I’m not. I just feel that it is crucial for the public to have important information concerning gays/lesbians at their (the public’s) disposal. Also, aside from mentioning only particular interests, I think it would be beneficial for the media to promote gay/lesbian awareness and include the positive aspects of their lifestyle and strides they’ve made as opposed to only defeats and hate crimes.
Before writing this paper, prejudices against the gay/lesbian community always concerned me because one of my best friends is a lesbian. She is not mentioned in newscasts or articles because she is considered to be a “normal” lesbian. That meaning she hasn’t adopted a child, or become affected with the HIV/AIDS virus. She’s just her, nothing special or fancy; she’s just a lesbian; she’s just Jen.
Unfortunately, I think to some extent that there will always be intolerance in society, whether it’s racial, religious or based on sexual preference. Hopefully, with the media’s help on their side, the gay/lesbian community can take hold of the public and show them that same sex relationships do not make them (gay/lesbian people) the devil, as many with anti views feel. I find it sad that no matter how big this society’s media grows, it’ll never be powerful unless it starts letting the discriminated minority in.
Mind that the sample papers like gays in the media and military presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, 5 June 2012
Aid
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Aid even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Aid in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
It would be wrong to paint the developing world as the repository of all human misery, very wrong. Progress is being made. In the past four decades life expectancy has increased by some 0 years, while the infant mortality rate has fallen by more than half. Writes-Concern Chief Executive David Begg.
As Begg states aid is making progress and it is centred in the changing role of women in these developing societies. In Ireland gender equality is taken for granted but this is not the case in the developing world.
In the poverty stricken country of Azerbaijan females are treated as second class citizens. Efforts to prevent this are being made by the International Rescue Committee though aid. They train women as community health outreach workers, focusing on the issues such as basic first aid, reproductive health, pre and post-natal care, nutrition, hygiene, and immunizations. This is giving the women the opportunity to put back into their country what they receive from others.
It cannot be argued that women hold the key to poverty eradication, and education is the key to women’s empowerment. Aid investments in education for girls is the single most effective way of reducing poverty. Like in Afghanistan where for the past 0 years the IRC has been training Afghan women to be teachers and school administrators, so that their children have educational opportunities and they can provide an income for their families.
Lady’s and gentlemen, research has shown that women with even a few years of basic education are economically more productive, have smaller, healthier families, and are more likely to send their own children to school. Yet almost two out of every three illiterate people are women. In Mozambique class-rooms have been built to accommodate more than 000 children. Financial and technical support for teacher training has been supplied. While in the war torn country of Liberia Concern provides aid helping local communities repair and restore damaged schools. Parent-teacher association provided labour and some materials. Concern provided tools, materials and technical assistance.
It is often said that the hand that rocks the cradle is the hand that rules the world. Women of the developing world have the right to this statement and so deserve legal protection. Maria Minna Canada’s Minister for international cooperation contributed $46000 on behalf of the Canadian International Development agency to a legal aid project that concentrates on protecting and promoting the rights of women and children in Tanzania. The aid project allowed them to make better use of the judicial system that will protect them and give them the stamina to take one step closer to the male dominant society.
My friends, equal access to land and property, water and education will not only aid women in the developing world, but improve development prospects. In Somaliland women get this opportunity. Here the IRC runs small enterprise development aid projects for women. The project helps women start up small retail outlets for seeds, hand tools and other agricultural supplies as well as types of shops and businesses.
Removing barriers to women’s equality will release a massive, under-valued stock of human potential, with benefits for all. There is now little remaining doubt that discrimination against women and poverty go hand in hand.
Mind that the sample papers like Aid presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
It would be wrong to paint the developing world as the repository of all human misery, very wrong. Progress is being made. In the past four decades life expectancy has increased by some 0 years, while the infant mortality rate has fallen by more than half. Writes-Concern Chief Executive David Begg.
As Begg states aid is making progress and it is centred in the changing role of women in these developing societies. In Ireland gender equality is taken for granted but this is not the case in the developing world.
In the poverty stricken country of Azerbaijan females are treated as second class citizens. Efforts to prevent this are being made by the International Rescue Committee though aid. They train women as community health outreach workers, focusing on the issues such as basic first aid, reproductive health, pre and post-natal care, nutrition, hygiene, and immunizations. This is giving the women the opportunity to put back into their country what they receive from others.
It cannot be argued that women hold the key to poverty eradication, and education is the key to women’s empowerment. Aid investments in education for girls is the single most effective way of reducing poverty. Like in Afghanistan where for the past 0 years the IRC has been training Afghan women to be teachers and school administrators, so that their children have educational opportunities and they can provide an income for their families.
Lady’s and gentlemen, research has shown that women with even a few years of basic education are economically more productive, have smaller, healthier families, and are more likely to send their own children to school. Yet almost two out of every three illiterate people are women. In Mozambique class-rooms have been built to accommodate more than 000 children. Financial and technical support for teacher training has been supplied. While in the war torn country of Liberia Concern provides aid helping local communities repair and restore damaged schools. Parent-teacher association provided labour and some materials. Concern provided tools, materials and technical assistance.
It is often said that the hand that rocks the cradle is the hand that rules the world. Women of the developing world have the right to this statement and so deserve legal protection. Maria Minna Canada’s Minister for international cooperation contributed $46000 on behalf of the Canadian International Development agency to a legal aid project that concentrates on protecting and promoting the rights of women and children in Tanzania. The aid project allowed them to make better use of the judicial system that will protect them and give them the stamina to take one step closer to the male dominant society.
My friends, equal access to land and property, water and education will not only aid women in the developing world, but improve development prospects. In Somaliland women get this opportunity. Here the IRC runs small enterprise development aid projects for women. The project helps women start up small retail outlets for seeds, hand tools and other agricultural supplies as well as types of shops and businesses.
Removing barriers to women’s equality will release a massive, under-valued stock of human potential, with benefits for all. There is now little remaining doubt that discrimination against women and poverty go hand in hand.
Mind that the sample papers like Aid presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Sunday, 6 May 2012
gatsby
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like gatsby even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like gatsby in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
At the beginning of the story “Going Home” we are given the feeling that Billy Woodward feels alone and out of place, when he is sitting in his new Kingswood he thinks to himself, “Oh lord oh lord, I want to go home.” In this essay I will be investigating the fact that like Billy Woodward in the first story, all the Aboriginals in the stories feel “out of place and alone”.
“Going Home” the first story in this book of short stories tells the reader about Billy Woodward, a young Aboriginal man who has left his Aboriginal heritage to become an artist. From the opening page the reader gets a feeling of Billy feeling alone and out of place. He does not live the life of an Aboriginal man; he is no longer in touch with his heritage or the “river of his dreaming”. He is alone whenever he goes out with the “white people” when he goes out to the bars and nightclubs, he sits alone at a corner table with a “painted up white girl”. We learn in the first few pages that he feels out of place and alone and wants to return back “home” not back to his place surrounded by loud noises and bright lights, but back to where he grew up back where he is surrounded by his people and nature.
In the story “Johnny Blue” the reader meets two characters, a white teenager Johnny Blue and an Aboriginal teenager Jesse Maguire, although Jesse Maguire isn’t alone due to the fact he has other Aboriginal children around him, but this doesn’t change the fact that he feels alone and so do all the other Aboriginal children, this is apparent throughout the story on many occasions when Jesse along with other Aboriginal kids get picked on, simply because they are dark skinned, further more in this story we also see evidence that even white people who “stick up” for the Aboriginals can feel out of place, alone and rejected. The reader is told that Johnny Blue does not have many friends at school nor in the town apart from the Aboriginals, he was known as, “Johnny Blue, the Abos’ mate.”
The only people in the stories who do not seem out of place are the white people. The white people band together and some sort of a mob mentality forms, this is apparent in the short story, “Herbie”, where a young Aboriginal teen, since he was a little kid had been bullied, as it seems purely because he was dark skinned, unlike Jesse Maguire in the “Johnny Blue” Herbie did not have anyone to stick up for him and as we are told in the story never told anyone about what happened to him. He was alone, no one to stick up for him and no one to talk to. Being called a “Dirty boong” and a “Black bastard” would make one feel “unsure” and “out of place”.
In all of the stories we are shown that each Aboriginal character feels unsure and out of place, the only place where they get some sort of acceptance is back in the “all-black” townships in which they are confined. Maybe if the roles were totally reversed and white people were treated like the Aboriginals in these stories were, for just a day. I’m sure everyone would learn to accept one another and finally understand that skin, is just skin.
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At the beginning of the story “Going Home” we are given the feeling that Billy Woodward feels alone and out of place, when he is sitting in his new Kingswood he thinks to himself, “Oh lord oh lord, I want to go home.” In this essay I will be investigating the fact that like Billy Woodward in the first story, all the Aboriginals in the stories feel “out of place and alone”.
“Going Home” the first story in this book of short stories tells the reader about Billy Woodward, a young Aboriginal man who has left his Aboriginal heritage to become an artist. From the opening page the reader gets a feeling of Billy feeling alone and out of place. He does not live the life of an Aboriginal man; he is no longer in touch with his heritage or the “river of his dreaming”. He is alone whenever he goes out with the “white people” when he goes out to the bars and nightclubs, he sits alone at a corner table with a “painted up white girl”. We learn in the first few pages that he feels out of place and alone and wants to return back “home” not back to his place surrounded by loud noises and bright lights, but back to where he grew up back where he is surrounded by his people and nature.
In the story “Johnny Blue” the reader meets two characters, a white teenager Johnny Blue and an Aboriginal teenager Jesse Maguire, although Jesse Maguire isn’t alone due to the fact he has other Aboriginal children around him, but this doesn’t change the fact that he feels alone and so do all the other Aboriginal children, this is apparent throughout the story on many occasions when Jesse along with other Aboriginal kids get picked on, simply because they are dark skinned, further more in this story we also see evidence that even white people who “stick up” for the Aboriginals can feel out of place, alone and rejected. The reader is told that Johnny Blue does not have many friends at school nor in the town apart from the Aboriginals, he was known as, “Johnny Blue, the Abos’ mate.”
The only people in the stories who do not seem out of place are the white people. The white people band together and some sort of a mob mentality forms, this is apparent in the short story, “Herbie”, where a young Aboriginal teen, since he was a little kid had been bullied, as it seems purely because he was dark skinned, unlike Jesse Maguire in the “Johnny Blue” Herbie did not have anyone to stick up for him and as we are told in the story never told anyone about what happened to him. He was alone, no one to stick up for him and no one to talk to. Being called a “Dirty boong” and a “Black bastard” would make one feel “unsure” and “out of place”.
In all of the stories we are shown that each Aboriginal character feels unsure and out of place, the only place where they get some sort of acceptance is back in the “all-black” townships in which they are confined. Maybe if the roles were totally reversed and white people were treated like the Aboriginals in these stories were, for just a day. I’m sure everyone would learn to accept one another and finally understand that skin, is just skin.
Mind that the sample papers like gatsby presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Friday, 4 May 2012
Enzymes of the Urea Cycle
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Enzymes of the Urea Cycle
Introduction
The urea cycle can be described as a metabolic pathway that uses carbon in CO and nitrogen present in glutamate and NH to synthesise urea; a mechanism for detoxifying NH. (Boyer, 00).
The transformation of NH4+ into urea requires a five-step pathway. This pathway utilises the enzymes Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase, Ornithine Transcarbamylase, Arginine Synthetase and Arginase in varying amounts to catalyse reactions.
To assay Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase, citrulline formation from ammonia, bicarbonate and Ornithine is measured, to assay Ornithine Transcarbamylase; citrulline formation from Ornithine and Carbamyl phosphate is measured.
Arginine Synthetase is assayed by measuring urea production from citrulline and Aspartate while Arginase activity can be estimated by measuring urea formation from Arginine. (Mosse, 00).
Aim
By assaying Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase (CPS) and Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC), citrulline production may be measured, while assaying Arginine Synthetase (AS) and Arginase will enable urea formation to be estimated.
By assaying these various enzymes, we hope to become more informed on the reaction sequences of the urea cycle, as well as the rate of reactions at which the assayed enzymes perform in conjunction with their various cofactors.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was carried out according to Mosse, 00, and was conducted in four parts using prepared liver extract. The liver from a freshly killed rat was removed and homogenised in ice-cold trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), 0.1% (w/v) in a ration of 1.5mL CTAB/g liver. Rats were starved for several hours prior to commencement of liver processing to enhance enzymatic activities within the liver.
A dounce homogeniser was used to disrupt liver tissues. The homogenate was centrifuged and the supernatant was retained and diluted to suit the following specifications
1g liver/10mL for both CPS and AS assays,
1g liver/50mL for OTC assay and 1g liver/500mL for Arginase assay.
A small amount of the liver extract was removed and boiled for use if required in the assay.
CPS Assay
5 reaction mixtures were prepared in 15mL glass centrifuge tubes, each containing differing ingredients. For a full list of these constituents, consult the BTH757, Cellular Metabolism Laboratory Manual, by Mosse, 00.
mL 0.5M HclO4 was added to Tube A, after which all tubes were incubated in a 8oC water bath for a pre-incubation period of 5 minutes.
0.mL enzyme extract (1g liver/10mL) was added to tube A. Precisely 1 minute after, 0.mL extract was added to tube B and so on until all tubes in the set contained the liver extract.
After a further minute, 0.mL boiled liver extract was added to tube E. All tubes remained in the water bath.
Precisely fifteen (15) minutes after the enzyme was added, tube A was removed from the bath. One-minute post removal, mL HclO4 was added to tube B. This addition and removal was repeated for tubes C-E inclusive at one-minute intervals.
Each tube was centrifuged for 5 minutes, 80% of top speed.
mL of each supernatants fraction was removed for Citrulline estimation.
OTC Assay
5 reaction mixtures were prepared in 15mL glass centrifuge tubes, each containing different items. For a full list of these constituents, consult the BTH757, Cellular Metabolism Laboratory Manual, by Mosse, 00.
5mL 0.5M Hclo4 was added to tube A.
All tubes were placed in a 8oC water bath for a pre-incubation period of 5 minutes.
0.5 mL Carbamyl phosphate (40mM) was added to tubes A-D at five-minute intervals.
Each tube was incubated for 15 minutes at 8oC. 5mL 0.5M HclO4 was added to tubes B-E inclusive upon completion of the 15-minute incubation period.
Each tube was centrifuged on low speed for five minutes.
1mL of each supernatant fraction was removed from each tube and set aside for citrulline assay.
AS Assay
6 reaction mixtures were prepared in 15mL glass centrifuge tubes, each containing different items. For a full list of these constituents, consult the BTH757, Cellular Metabolism Laboratory Manual, by Mosse, 00.
.0 mL 0.5M HclO4 was added to tube A. All tubes were placed in a 8oC water bath and pre-incubated for 5 minutes.
0.5mL extract (1g liver/10mL) was added to tubes A-E inclusive at one-minute intervals. 0.5mL boiled extract was also added to tube F.
Each tube was incubated for 5 minutes, after which time mL 0.5M HclO4 was added.
Each tube was centrifuged for 5 minutes, after which time mL of supernatant was removed for assay using the Archibald method. A more detailed explanation of this method may be found in Mosse, 00.
Arginase Essay
4 reaction mixtures were prepared in 15mL glass centrifuge tubes, each containing different items. For a full list of these constituents, consult the BTH757, Cellular Metabolism Laboratory Manual, by Mosse, 00
.0mL 0.5M HclO4 was added to tube A after which all tubes were placed in a 8oC water bath for a pre-incubation period of 5 minutes.
0.5mL liver extract (1g liver/500mL) was added to tubes A-D inclusive at one-minute intervals.
Each tube was incubated for a further 10 minutes at 8oC. Following this, mL 0.5M HClO4 was added to tubes B-D inclusive.
mL of each solution was then reserved for urea estimation by Timmerman’s Method.
A more detailed explanation of this method may be found in Mosse, 00.
Colorimetric Assay of Citrulline � To be used for solutions reserved from CPS and OTC Assays.
10 boiling tubes were numbered 1-10 inclusive. 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and .0mL of standard citrulline were placed into tubes 1-5 respectively.
Depending on the assay being performed, mL of the various supernatants from the CPS assay were placed into tubes 6-10, or 1mL supernatant from the OTC assay.
Water was added to each tube, making the final volume equal to 8.5mL.
mL HSO4/HPO4 acid mixture was added to each tube, and mixed adequately.
0.5mL diacetyl monoxime was then added to each tube.
Each tube was mixed with a long stirring rod, and each tube was numbered using masking tape and lead pencil. A marble was placed atop each tube, and the entire tube, plus marble, was wrapped in aluminium foil.
All tubes were heated for 15 minutes in a covered, boiling water bath.
After this time, all tubes were removed and placed in a half-filled beaker of boiling water. Care was taken to ensure tubes were not exposed to light during this time. For this reason, the beaker and tubes were placed within a dark cupboard and left undisturbed for five minutes.
Absorbances of each solution were measured at 450nm using a bench top spectrophotometer. Again, care was taken to ensure as little light exposure as possible.
Calculations were performed on the absorbance figure for each solution to determine the amount of citrulline or urea in each.
A sample calculation for enzyme activity mmoles product formed/minute/g liver protein may be found in the appendix.
Results
Table 1 Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase
Conditions Enzyme Activity
A) Zero Time 0.14
B) Full Test 0.50
C) Minus ATP 0.01
D) Minus Acetyl Glutamate 0.14
E) Boiled Enzyme 0.07
Table Arginase Essay
Conditions Enzyme Activity
A) Zero Time 10
B) Full Test 106
C) Minus Arginine 10
D) Minus Mn+ 76
Table Ornithine Transcarbamylase
Conditions Enzyme Activity
A) Zero Time .0
B) Full Test 1.0
C) Minus Ornithine 0
D) Minus Extract .65
E) Minus Carbamyl Phosphate 6.0
Table 4 Arginine Synthetase
Conditions Enzyme Activity
A) Zero Time 0.1
B) Full Test 0.4
C) Minus ATP 0.14
D) Minus Citrulline 0.0
E) Minus Aspartate 0.17
F) Boiled Enzyme 0.14
Discussion
Table 1 displays the results for the Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase assay. As was predicted, the full test � tube B � demonstrated the highest amount of enzyme activity (mmoles formed/min/g liver protein).
This is because all constituents required for the proceeding reaction were present within the reaction mixture.
It can be seen that for Carbamyl phosphate Synthetase to function properly, ATP is required to power the reaction forward. In the absence of ATP, only 0.01 mmoles of product were formed per minute for each gram of liver protein � thus, the enzyme activity was so low it was almost non-existent.
This reaction can be allosterically controlled by acetyl glutamate as acetyl glutamate enhances the enzyme activity when present.
The actual role of carbamyl phosphate synthetase within the first reaction of the urea cycle is to catalyse the reaction between ammonia and bicarbonate ions. When boiled liver extract was used (as for tube E), there was very little enzymatic activity detected. This is due to the fact that heating of the extract caused the proteins to become denatured, and therefore useless in relation to this reaction.
As for reaction number 1 of the urea cycle, reaction , involving ornithine transcarbamylase, also occurs within the mitochondrial matrix.
Table , tube E shows that the amount of carbamyl phosphate directly affects the rate of transformation of ornithine into citrulline by ornithine transcarbamylase.
In the results, it may be seen that the reaction can proceed without carbamyl phosphate present, but in the full test the enzymatic activity is more than twice as high in the conversion of ornithine into citrulline. This is because, although there is no carbamyl phosphate present, there is CPS present � the enzyme used in the first reaction. This allows some carbamyl phosphate to be made from CPS, although there is not enough present to convert the ornithine.
In the absence of ornithine there was no enzyme activity noted. This is die to the fact that there was no substrate for the enzyme to act on, as well as no constituents present to make citrulline � the product of the reaction.
After the above reactions have occurred within the confines of the mitochondrial matrix, the citrulline is shuttled across into the cytoplasm where it is converted into argininosuccinate followed by arginine and fumarate by the enzymes argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase. This was investigated in the AS assay. This reaction was found to be freely reversible, demonstrated by the fact that when there was no citrulline present (tube D), it was none the less created via the reverse reaction of the enzyme.
The reaction was also able to proceed (tube F) after the liver extract had been boiled and enzymes were rendered ineffective. Without the presence of aspartate (tube E), the reaction was still able to proceed, and the formation of urea was noted.
Although there was no aspartate present, there was, however, citrulline present within the liver extract. The citrulline, by providing all constituents missing from aspartate, allowed the reaction to proceed, albeit at a lower rate, with less mmoles of product formed than there were in the full test.
As predicted, the exclusion of ATP within the reaction mixture ensured that the reaction proceeded quite slowly. As for the CPS assay, ATP is required to ‘push’ the reaction and without it, the reaction occurs more slowly with less product being formed.
The Arginase assay is probably the most important part of the urea cycle, as it is the creator of the urea from the excess ammonia groups produced by the oxidation of the amino acids in the mitochondria. Arginine is important in this reaction, as the enzyme is more active when there is arginine present in the solution, than it is without. This can also be a control mechanism in that by quickly converting arginine into ornithine excess ammonia can be disregarded into urea.
Manganese chloride was added to each reaction mixture except for D. This is due to the fact that Mn+ is considered to be a cofactor in relation to the enzyme arginase. By excluding Mn+ from reaction mixture D, it was hoped that a reduction in enzyme activity might have been noted. This was not found to be the case. Throughout each of the experiments, whenever water was required in one of the reaction mixtures, distilled water was employed. It is now believed that Mn+ may have been present in trace amounts in the distilled water due to the fact that although Mn+ was purposefully excluded from the reaction mixture, obvious enzyme activity was still noted.
As with the OTC assay, it was found that when the substrate was expelled from the reaction mixture (in this case it is arginine) the reaction is almost at a standstill � having the same amount of enzyme activity as the zero time reading in the full test.
Since the urea cycle uses bicarbonate ions combined with ammonia ions, excess ammonia is disregarded from the body with ease. By breathing deeply and quickly we can cause an increase in the amounts of formed bicarbonate ions. In the onset of alkalosis, this is a very important mechanism employed by the body as it enables blood pH to be balanced.
The same mechanism that helps us to correct acidosis, therefore assists in the correction of alkalosis. Through employment of the urea cycle alkalosis may be corrected by reassigning the additional ammonia groups into urea, which may then be excreted.
Conclusion
By assaying the enzymes present in the urea cycle, it can be seen that acetyl glutamate levels predominantly control the cycle, which in turn controls carbamyl phosphate production.
This enables nitrogen levels within the body to be maintained. Excess nitrogen can be excreted through the urea cycle by inserting nitrogen into the cycle in the form of ammonia which can then be converted into carbamyl phosphate that will then go into the cycle until it is removed as urea.
Appendix
Sample calculation for enzyme activity in mmoles product formed/minute/g liver protein.
mmole/min/0.0g liver
Citrulline 0.4mM = 0.4mm/mL
0.4mM = 0.4mmole
Raw data from CPS assay
1 (Standard 0.0mL) 0.000
(Standard 0.5mL) 0.01
(Standard 1.0mL) 0.05
4 (Standard 1.5mL) 0.105
5 (Standard .0mL) 0.50
Tube A 0.010
Tube B 0.01
Tube C 0.01
Tube D 0.01
Tube E 0.010
Boyer, 00. Concepts in Biochemistry.
John Wiley and Sons, New York, United States of America.
Mosse, 00. BTH757, Cellular Metabolism, Laboratory Manual.
Centre for Learning and Teaching Support, Monash University, Australia.
Mind that the sample papers like Enzymes of the Urea Cycle presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Enzymes of the Urea Cycle
Introduction
The urea cycle can be described as a metabolic pathway that uses carbon in CO and nitrogen present in glutamate and NH to synthesise urea; a mechanism for detoxifying NH. (Boyer, 00).
The transformation of NH4+ into urea requires a five-step pathway. This pathway utilises the enzymes Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase, Ornithine Transcarbamylase, Arginine Synthetase and Arginase in varying amounts to catalyse reactions.
To assay Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase, citrulline formation from ammonia, bicarbonate and Ornithine is measured, to assay Ornithine Transcarbamylase; citrulline formation from Ornithine and Carbamyl phosphate is measured.
Arginine Synthetase is assayed by measuring urea production from citrulline and Aspartate while Arginase activity can be estimated by measuring urea formation from Arginine. (Mosse, 00).
Aim
By assaying Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase (CPS) and Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC), citrulline production may be measured, while assaying Arginine Synthetase (AS) and Arginase will enable urea formation to be estimated.
By assaying these various enzymes, we hope to become more informed on the reaction sequences of the urea cycle, as well as the rate of reactions at which the assayed enzymes perform in conjunction with their various cofactors.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was carried out according to Mosse, 00, and was conducted in four parts using prepared liver extract. The liver from a freshly killed rat was removed and homogenised in ice-cold trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), 0.1% (w/v) in a ration of 1.5mL CTAB/g liver. Rats were starved for several hours prior to commencement of liver processing to enhance enzymatic activities within the liver.
A dounce homogeniser was used to disrupt liver tissues. The homogenate was centrifuged and the supernatant was retained and diluted to suit the following specifications
1g liver/10mL for both CPS and AS assays,
1g liver/50mL for OTC assay and 1g liver/500mL for Arginase assay.
A small amount of the liver extract was removed and boiled for use if required in the assay.
CPS Assay
5 reaction mixtures were prepared in 15mL glass centrifuge tubes, each containing differing ingredients. For a full list of these constituents, consult the BTH757, Cellular Metabolism Laboratory Manual, by Mosse, 00.
mL 0.5M HclO4 was added to Tube A, after which all tubes were incubated in a 8oC water bath for a pre-incubation period of 5 minutes.
0.mL enzyme extract (1g liver/10mL) was added to tube A. Precisely 1 minute after, 0.mL extract was added to tube B and so on until all tubes in the set contained the liver extract.
After a further minute, 0.mL boiled liver extract was added to tube E. All tubes remained in the water bath.
Precisely fifteen (15) minutes after the enzyme was added, tube A was removed from the bath. One-minute post removal, mL HclO4 was added to tube B. This addition and removal was repeated for tubes C-E inclusive at one-minute intervals.
Each tube was centrifuged for 5 minutes, 80% of top speed.
mL of each supernatants fraction was removed for Citrulline estimation.
OTC Assay
5 reaction mixtures were prepared in 15mL glass centrifuge tubes, each containing different items. For a full list of these constituents, consult the BTH757, Cellular Metabolism Laboratory Manual, by Mosse, 00.
5mL 0.5M Hclo4 was added to tube A.
All tubes were placed in a 8oC water bath for a pre-incubation period of 5 minutes.
0.5 mL Carbamyl phosphate (40mM) was added to tubes A-D at five-minute intervals.
Each tube was incubated for 15 minutes at 8oC. 5mL 0.5M HclO4 was added to tubes B-E inclusive upon completion of the 15-minute incubation period.
Each tube was centrifuged on low speed for five minutes.
1mL of each supernatant fraction was removed from each tube and set aside for citrulline assay.
AS Assay
6 reaction mixtures were prepared in 15mL glass centrifuge tubes, each containing different items. For a full list of these constituents, consult the BTH757, Cellular Metabolism Laboratory Manual, by Mosse, 00.
.0 mL 0.5M HclO4 was added to tube A. All tubes were placed in a 8oC water bath and pre-incubated for 5 minutes.
0.5mL extract (1g liver/10mL) was added to tubes A-E inclusive at one-minute intervals. 0.5mL boiled extract was also added to tube F.
Each tube was incubated for 5 minutes, after which time mL 0.5M HclO4 was added.
Each tube was centrifuged for 5 minutes, after which time mL of supernatant was removed for assay using the Archibald method. A more detailed explanation of this method may be found in Mosse, 00.
Arginase Essay
4 reaction mixtures were prepared in 15mL glass centrifuge tubes, each containing different items. For a full list of these constituents, consult the BTH757, Cellular Metabolism Laboratory Manual, by Mosse, 00
.0mL 0.5M HclO4 was added to tube A after which all tubes were placed in a 8oC water bath for a pre-incubation period of 5 minutes.
0.5mL liver extract (1g liver/500mL) was added to tubes A-D inclusive at one-minute intervals.
Each tube was incubated for a further 10 minutes at 8oC. Following this, mL 0.5M HClO4 was added to tubes B-D inclusive.
mL of each solution was then reserved for urea estimation by Timmerman’s Method.
A more detailed explanation of this method may be found in Mosse, 00.
Colorimetric Assay of Citrulline � To be used for solutions reserved from CPS and OTC Assays.
10 boiling tubes were numbered 1-10 inclusive. 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and .0mL of standard citrulline were placed into tubes 1-5 respectively.
Depending on the assay being performed, mL of the various supernatants from the CPS assay were placed into tubes 6-10, or 1mL supernatant from the OTC assay.
Water was added to each tube, making the final volume equal to 8.5mL.
mL HSO4/HPO4 acid mixture was added to each tube, and mixed adequately.
0.5mL diacetyl monoxime was then added to each tube.
Each tube was mixed with a long stirring rod, and each tube was numbered using masking tape and lead pencil. A marble was placed atop each tube, and the entire tube, plus marble, was wrapped in aluminium foil.
All tubes were heated for 15 minutes in a covered, boiling water bath.
After this time, all tubes were removed and placed in a half-filled beaker of boiling water. Care was taken to ensure tubes were not exposed to light during this time. For this reason, the beaker and tubes were placed within a dark cupboard and left undisturbed for five minutes.
Absorbances of each solution were measured at 450nm using a bench top spectrophotometer. Again, care was taken to ensure as little light exposure as possible.
Calculations were performed on the absorbance figure for each solution to determine the amount of citrulline or urea in each.
A sample calculation for enzyme activity mmoles product formed/minute/g liver protein may be found in the appendix.
Results
Table 1 Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase
Conditions Enzyme Activity
A) Zero Time 0.14
B) Full Test 0.50
C) Minus ATP 0.01
D) Minus Acetyl Glutamate 0.14
E) Boiled Enzyme 0.07
Table Arginase Essay
Conditions Enzyme Activity
A) Zero Time 10
B) Full Test 106
C) Minus Arginine 10
D) Minus Mn+ 76
Table Ornithine Transcarbamylase
Conditions Enzyme Activity
A) Zero Time .0
B) Full Test 1.0
C) Minus Ornithine 0
D) Minus Extract .65
E) Minus Carbamyl Phosphate 6.0
Table 4 Arginine Synthetase
Conditions Enzyme Activity
A) Zero Time 0.1
B) Full Test 0.4
C) Minus ATP 0.14
D) Minus Citrulline 0.0
E) Minus Aspartate 0.17
F) Boiled Enzyme 0.14
Discussion
Table 1 displays the results for the Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase assay. As was predicted, the full test � tube B � demonstrated the highest amount of enzyme activity (mmoles formed/min/g liver protein).
This is because all constituents required for the proceeding reaction were present within the reaction mixture.
It can be seen that for Carbamyl phosphate Synthetase to function properly, ATP is required to power the reaction forward. In the absence of ATP, only 0.01 mmoles of product were formed per minute for each gram of liver protein � thus, the enzyme activity was so low it was almost non-existent.
This reaction can be allosterically controlled by acetyl glutamate as acetyl glutamate enhances the enzyme activity when present.
The actual role of carbamyl phosphate synthetase within the first reaction of the urea cycle is to catalyse the reaction between ammonia and bicarbonate ions. When boiled liver extract was used (as for tube E), there was very little enzymatic activity detected. This is due to the fact that heating of the extract caused the proteins to become denatured, and therefore useless in relation to this reaction.
As for reaction number 1 of the urea cycle, reaction , involving ornithine transcarbamylase, also occurs within the mitochondrial matrix.
Table , tube E shows that the amount of carbamyl phosphate directly affects the rate of transformation of ornithine into citrulline by ornithine transcarbamylase.
In the results, it may be seen that the reaction can proceed without carbamyl phosphate present, but in the full test the enzymatic activity is more than twice as high in the conversion of ornithine into citrulline. This is because, although there is no carbamyl phosphate present, there is CPS present � the enzyme used in the first reaction. This allows some carbamyl phosphate to be made from CPS, although there is not enough present to convert the ornithine.
In the absence of ornithine there was no enzyme activity noted. This is die to the fact that there was no substrate for the enzyme to act on, as well as no constituents present to make citrulline � the product of the reaction.
After the above reactions have occurred within the confines of the mitochondrial matrix, the citrulline is shuttled across into the cytoplasm where it is converted into argininosuccinate followed by arginine and fumarate by the enzymes argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase. This was investigated in the AS assay. This reaction was found to be freely reversible, demonstrated by the fact that when there was no citrulline present (tube D), it was none the less created via the reverse reaction of the enzyme.
The reaction was also able to proceed (tube F) after the liver extract had been boiled and enzymes were rendered ineffective. Without the presence of aspartate (tube E), the reaction was still able to proceed, and the formation of urea was noted.
Although there was no aspartate present, there was, however, citrulline present within the liver extract. The citrulline, by providing all constituents missing from aspartate, allowed the reaction to proceed, albeit at a lower rate, with less mmoles of product formed than there were in the full test.
As predicted, the exclusion of ATP within the reaction mixture ensured that the reaction proceeded quite slowly. As for the CPS assay, ATP is required to ‘push’ the reaction and without it, the reaction occurs more slowly with less product being formed.
The Arginase assay is probably the most important part of the urea cycle, as it is the creator of the urea from the excess ammonia groups produced by the oxidation of the amino acids in the mitochondria. Arginine is important in this reaction, as the enzyme is more active when there is arginine present in the solution, than it is without. This can also be a control mechanism in that by quickly converting arginine into ornithine excess ammonia can be disregarded into urea.
Manganese chloride was added to each reaction mixture except for D. This is due to the fact that Mn+ is considered to be a cofactor in relation to the enzyme arginase. By excluding Mn+ from reaction mixture D, it was hoped that a reduction in enzyme activity might have been noted. This was not found to be the case. Throughout each of the experiments, whenever water was required in one of the reaction mixtures, distilled water was employed. It is now believed that Mn+ may have been present in trace amounts in the distilled water due to the fact that although Mn+ was purposefully excluded from the reaction mixture, obvious enzyme activity was still noted.
As with the OTC assay, it was found that when the substrate was expelled from the reaction mixture (in this case it is arginine) the reaction is almost at a standstill � having the same amount of enzyme activity as the zero time reading in the full test.
Since the urea cycle uses bicarbonate ions combined with ammonia ions, excess ammonia is disregarded from the body with ease. By breathing deeply and quickly we can cause an increase in the amounts of formed bicarbonate ions. In the onset of alkalosis, this is a very important mechanism employed by the body as it enables blood pH to be balanced.
The same mechanism that helps us to correct acidosis, therefore assists in the correction of alkalosis. Through employment of the urea cycle alkalosis may be corrected by reassigning the additional ammonia groups into urea, which may then be excreted.
Conclusion
By assaying the enzymes present in the urea cycle, it can be seen that acetyl glutamate levels predominantly control the cycle, which in turn controls carbamyl phosphate production.
This enables nitrogen levels within the body to be maintained. Excess nitrogen can be excreted through the urea cycle by inserting nitrogen into the cycle in the form of ammonia which can then be converted into carbamyl phosphate that will then go into the cycle until it is removed as urea.
Appendix
Sample calculation for enzyme activity in mmoles product formed/minute/g liver protein.
mmole/min/0.0g liver
Citrulline 0.4mM = 0.4mm/mL
0.4mM = 0.4mmole
Raw data from CPS assay
1 (Standard 0.0mL) 0.000
(Standard 0.5mL) 0.01
(Standard 1.0mL) 0.05
4 (Standard 1.5mL) 0.105
5 (Standard .0mL) 0.50
Tube A 0.010
Tube B 0.01
Tube C 0.01
Tube D 0.01
Tube E 0.010
Boyer, 00. Concepts in Biochemistry.
John Wiley and Sons, New York, United States of America.
Mosse, 00. BTH757, Cellular Metabolism, Laboratory Manual.
Centre for Learning and Teaching Support, Monash University, Australia.
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