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Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.Intellectual Heritage 51 Paper Topics on Othello
Instructor Robert Guay
PAPERS ARE DUE AT 40pm ON THURSDAY 11 DECEMBER.
- there is no class on this day
- papers may be e-mailed (rguay@temple.edu or r_guay@hotmail.com)
- or you may drop them off in my mailbox (Anderson 7th floor)
- the absolute deadline to submit a paper under any circumstance, no matter
how many late days you have left, is AT THE TIME OF YOUR EXAM.
PLEASE ANSWER ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN NO MORE THAN 1000 WORDS.
PLEASE SEE SYLLABUS FOR ADVICE ON WRITING PAPERS
MAKE SURE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIMS WITH TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1 Explain what of Othello’s and Desdemona’s characters makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain what of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship makes them susceptible to Iago’s plot.
Explain Iago’s self-understanding (i.e., how he appraises his own character), and whether or not
this self-understanding is compatible with his motivations, desires, and actions.
4 Explain what Iago’s assessment of others is, whether or not his assessments are accurate, and what
relation these assessments have to the success of his plot.
5 Argue that Desdemona is herself an interesting character, and not merely an object for Othello’s
love and jealousy.
6 Explain the importance of visual evidence in Othello in general, and how it in particular relates to
knowledge of others.
7 Explain how the story of Othello may be read as the (tragic) failure by Othello to construct a stable
and coherent identity.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.
8 Identify the notion(s) of human nature advanced in Othello, and explain what relevance for the
action of the story these notions have.
Mind that the sample papers like Intellectual presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
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Executive Summary
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the business of the convenience store in Japan retail sector. This paper addresses the general concept, the structure, and the changing roles in the convenience store in Japan.
Introduction
The concept of convenience stores was originally from the United States nearly 40 years ago. When the first convenience stores in the U.S. opened in 174, they were just places to sell daily necessities, from food, magazines, to clothing and only be paired with gas stations. Convenience stores in Japan, however, differ from those in the United States although the major role is still to provide daily necessities food.
Japanese had studied management practices from the U.S. convenience store and invented their own business techniques. With its dense urban populations, limited-space homes, and small retail-store stock, Japan was ideally suited to the convenience-store format. Two possible reasons that convenience store position in Japans retail sector is so strong today are from their innovative products and service and the unique distribution system. The concept of U.S. convenience store was modified and transformed into Japanese original retailing concept to focus on achieving both on the economy of scale and scope. “Konbini or Konbiniensu stoa”, which is the term Japanese calls the convenience stores, is a high-technology version of the U.S. convenience store. It is a place for customers not only to buy products but also to get services. They also fit into Japans logistics system since delivery companies use Konbini like distributing offices. There is highly competitive in this business and companies are trying to use several strategies to increase its sales and retain customers and use e-commerce as the driving force to gain the competitive advantage in the future.
History
In the Japanese retail sector history, convenience stores have been growing significantly in recent years. In the earlier years, convenience stores introduced itself as the general store which provides a wide range of products operating 4 hours a day. The first technology used in convenience store was called “Point of Sales system”. It helped store managers gather in the information storing that was related to sales. The benefit from using Point of Sales (POS) helped managers a better decision on product order volume and delivery which links to the concept of Just-in-time (JIT) in the present. Thus, convenience stores had improved better performance than general stores. General stores later had experienced declining in sales due to the increased competition, economic downturn, and the deflation. However, convenience store sales still rose from .8 trillion yen in 1 to 6.18 trillion yen in 18. Although the economy in Japan has experienced ups and downs since then, convenience stores have remained at that desirable level throughout this year.
After the retail industry deregulation, it was opening the way for new offerings that fit the convenience store services strategy. The convenience store has been dominated by three stores, Seven-Eleven Japan, Lawson, and FamilyMart since then. In 16, there were only about ,000 convenience stores in Japan, which estimates a population per store around 4,000. The key companies perceived this as a chance to expand as many as stores. With the increasing and intensive competition, many independent stores could not survive and completely shut down which resulted the total convenience store to decline by ,000 to ,67 stores in early 001. In 00, the top four convenience stores had sales over 67 % of total convenience store sales. By that year, convenience store business was expected to reach its market saturation level. There were 55,658 convenience stores in 00 and a population of ,000 people per store.
General information of key companies
Seven-eleven Japan
Seven-Eleven Japan is the largest convenience store in Japan by stores volumes and sales. The total sales in 00 was 44.0 billions yen which was increasing 10.% from last year and the total stores nationwide was ,60 which was up for 1.4% from last year. It successfully keeps the position of the first rank in convenience stores for rd consecutive years through this February 00. Store locations heavily concentrated in the Tokyo region in which 1,00 stores are and also in Osaka. The majority earnings are from the rice balls and streak products. The company has branched out its business model into e-commerce (7dream.com) and food delivery (Seven-Meal service). Seven-eleven Japan is a 50.6%-owned subsidiary of Ito-Yokado, the Japanese retailer that holds 7% of Seven-eleven in Northern America.
Lawson
Lawson is the second largest convenience store. Lawson, which headquarter located in the Osaka area, is the only chain store that operates in everywhere in Japan. It has more than 7,700 stores throughout Japan and nearby countries. The company was established in 175 as a subsidiary of Daiei, Inc, Japan’s largest GMS. Daiei has been reducing its shareholding, making the company essentially independent, though it has come increasingly under the influence of Mitsubishi Corp. However, during a year through February 00, Lawson got decreases in profit for 45% of about 8.86 billion because of the 1 unprofitable stores and their early retirement program. At the end of the February, Lawson has remaining stores on 7,65 domestic outlets.
FamilyMart
FamilyMart is the third largest convenience store company by number of stores and sales in Japan but becomes one of the largest franchised retailers in Korea. Their store locations are primarily located in Tokyo area. FamilyMart was established in 181. It was a former member of the Seibu Saison group, and considered to be a part of the Itochu group since 18. FamilyMart is focused in Tokyo and Nagoya, Japans third largest metropolitan area.
Table 1 shows the company performance and financial statement of key convenience stores in 00.
Table 1 General information on key conveniences stores in Japan in year 00 (ending at February 00)
(Yen billions) Seven-Eleven Lawson FamilyMart
Revenue 44.0 56.11 15
Operating income 155.86 6.6
Number of stores ,60 7,65 6,01
Average daily sales per store 656 48 50
Source Japan’s retail industry and Seven-eleven, Lawson Company, and FamilyMart annual reports in year 00.
Target Market
In 00, Japanese marketers formed the target groups of convenience store by this
- Men between the ages of 5-60, shop at a convenience store three times a week.
- Students and single men average shop at a convenience store four times per week.
- Working women from 1 to 4 years old shop two to three times per week.
- Housewives and female teens visit two to three times per week.
Business strategies
The key strategy for most Japanese convenience store is to concern on the economy of scope by adding products and services to attract more customers, even though most services do not contribute to profits directly. Another strategy used is to form partnership outside the convenience store sector to create the strategic alliances and expand the potential sales. However, only Seven-eleven Japan company still exploits the benefit of the economy of scale and scope. Seven-eleven Japan still focuses on the aggressive store expansion to take advantage of cost-effective distribution and higher local recognition. There are 10,000 seven-eleven stores expanding ever since started and around 1 outlets in the first six-month period on 00. It also starts to expand around the country. In 00, Seven-eleven opened 54 outlets in Aichi where it has never accessed this location before. In term of economy of scope, besides the main benefit for their original items, which account for the majority sales, the firm also seeks to find products and services diversification as well as the variety kinds of their proprietary merchandise, which is developed together with makers of national brands.
Product and service diversification and differentiation
Box-lunch
Seven-eleven successfully targeted the local tastes in target areas such as Sendai where the company introduced beef-tongue boxes lunch.
Seven-Meal Service
Seven-eleven created a new business model as an expansion of the chains extensive fast-food operation called “Seven-Meal Service”. The service provides prepared meals and packages of cooking ingredients for customers who find that daily meal preparation is not convenient. Items can be ordered by telephone, fax, and Internet, or at Seven-Eleven stores and can be picked up at the store or delivered using vehicles that can keep the food at required temperatures. The service was established in August 000 and was available about 40% of Seven-eleven Japan stores in February 00.
Oden
Oden, which means vegetables, fish dumplings and other types of food simmered slowly in a soup, becomes more attractive and result as the competitive merchandise among convenience store in the winter session. FamilyMart pushed the oden times as its product differentiation by investing in those cooking equipment in their 4,000 stores. FamilyMart accounted for oden products to boost up the profit in 00 as they predicted that there would be increasing in the average sales of oden from last winter of 0,000 and 10,000 yen per store per day.
Tickets
Lawson established its own concert, movie, and event ticket company called “Lawson Tickets Co. Ltd (LTCL)”. TLCL started in July 1 to handle airline tickets and tickets to Disneyland and Universal Studios. Distribution channels are Lawson and Daiei stores, including via phone. LTCL was growing about 0% per year, reaching ¥ billion in revenues for 001. LTCL is profitable than PIA, the Japan’s largest ticket company because PIA sold tickets for a wider range of events while Lawson targeted customers in age 0s and 0s by knowing that their existing customers are in range. The idea seems to have worked, though overall ticket sales in the first part of 00 were down 11% from the previous year and operating income was down 4%.
Point Programs
Most convenience stores offer point cards”, which give their customers points based on the amount of purchases. Lawson and Family Mart were firstly introducing this idea. Although Seven-eleven Japan resisted following this idea, it was forced to do the same. The point card intention is to reward customer loyalty. Getting a credit card issued by one of the convenience stores automatically makes customers become members to earn points. FamilyMart claimed that a list of items points could be redeemed for. When purchasing, it awards 1.4 points for each 100 yen, and after collecting 1000 points, a customer can use them to buy items at FamilyMart stores.
Utility payment (electricity, water, gas, telephone bills)
Convenience stores provided payment services for utility bills in 187 and have become an important activity. In 001, Seven-eleven Japan reported that it had over % of the total Japanese payments market, which includes payments from banks and the postal system. This represented some ¥0 billion in payments and involved over 16 million transactions on behalf of 1 companies. During 000, Lawson processed 8 million transactions for a total of 650 billion yen. In 001 transaction value, mainly from public utility payment (telephone, electricity, gas, water), rose to 74 billion yen and commissions were 5.7 billion yen, up to 7.% year on year. Payment services have grown about 0% annually since 15.
Package shipping
In the mid 10s package shipping was added in convenience store by evolving into a drop-off site and as the ship-to address for their customers. Seven-eleven Japan used Yamato Unyu (Black Cat), Japans largest package-delivery firm. During the year ended February 00 SEJ handled 1.8 million such parcels.
The competitive advantage of using e-commerce strategy
Convenience stores in Japan are now facilitating Internet access and e-commerce. Japanese convenience stores are exploiting the concept of technology differently from the United States e-commerce business model. Because knowing that their customers are reluctant to make credit card payment over the Internet or telephone, Japanese convenience stores now concern on evolve themselves as a third-party payment services which requires substantial IT infrastructure. They are cooperating tightly with their IT-based alliances called “e-retsu” and deal with the database management with the use of smart cell phones called telematics.
retsu often refer to those companies which have no previous alliance relationship but have common shareholding. Japanese firms are normally used to cooperate to take advantage of new business opportunities. Similarly to keiretsu concept, the motivation in forming an e-retsu is to form expertise in a new venture in which all companies hold share and raise capital to invest in R&D and technical expertise.
Telematics referred to interactive computer mediated communications. It is the intersection of informatics (the processing and application of data with specific goals and objectives) and telecommunications, especially wireless communications in a mobile environment. For example, it enables the linking of mobile devices and wired solutions to achieve a multi-media result. Seven-Eleven Japan and Sony is one of the good example that Sony have an agreement to offer high-speed downloading of games for PlayStation using its centralized server. Seven-Eleven stores can offer a selection of games and only has to store blank CDs. This is how convenience stores cooperate with their partners to use telematic idea to create their strategies and build competitive barriers. The pressure on video game rental stores and software shops is enormous.
The first e-retsu was 7dream.com. It owned by seven companies and involving several others that provide goods and services, its web site was launched in February 000. Seven-eleven Japan intended to promote it as the largest e-commerce businesses in Japan. The concept of the service comes from the result polls indicate that 70% of Japanese dislike using credit cards for online purchases. Thus, after placing orders on the Web, customers can pick up and pay for them at any Seven-Eleven shop. Seven-Eleven attracts .6 billion customers yearly--a daily average of 50 per shop. 7dream.com can be accessed directly over the Internet and other networks, including those open to mobile phones and direct TV. Net sales in 001 were 1,170 million yen, compared to ¥617 million in 000.
Lawson, on the other hand, recognized the entrance into e-commerce actually began with the development of third-party bill settlement services in 15. Lawson has developed a multi-channel e-commerce system based on the Internet, mobile phones, and multimedia kiosks. It calls this business model as the BC e-commerce activity @Lawson, and its web site, at lawson.co.jp, was launched in December 1. An affiliate, e-Context, handles product delivery, agency transaction settlements, and other @Lawson agency activities. It is 48 % owned by Lawson, 10% by Mitsubishi Corp, and the balance by various other companies. Lawson perceived e-commerce to be very important currently and prospectively. “In e-commerce, which include the Internet and NTT DoCoMo’s i-mode mobile service, our store network facilitates Lawson’s existing services-settlement services and product pick-up at stores. We aim to provide these services for a fee to retailers and service providers that sell on line. The key element differentiating Lawson from other chains is our nationwide presence. Clients using Lawson services will thus have access to consumers throughout Japan, unlocking a host of new Net business opportunities. Leading companies have already honed in on our strengths. We have, for example, launched joint ventures with NTT DoCoMo, Inc, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd and Mitsubishi Corp. Indeed, Lawson’s competitive advantage also lies in being able to tap into these companies’ wealth of resources.” (Lawson 000 Annual Report.)
Situation Analysis
In order to analyze the future position of the firms in the convenience store sector, I use the situation analysis theory to analyze the past and current situations, strategies, and trends to predict the future outcome. It can be divided into five major areas of concern.
1. The Cooperative Environment
Konbini is now cooperating with several companies outside the convenience store industry. For example, Japan Post, a public corporation that took over postal services from the government, has been reinforcing tie-ups with Lawson, which operates convenience stores across Japan. Japan Post had an agreement to analyze the possibility of letting all Lawson stores accept postal parcels. If the process is successful, Lawson will represent as Japan Post to deliver small parcels throughout its nationwide convenience store chain in order to strengthen their business alliance. Lawson offers facilities where customers can write letters or work on their own computers to browse the Internet via the stores wireless LAN network. The store sells envelopes, postcards and other merchandise related to postal services, in addition to goods sold at other Lawson stores. The store, which is open 4 hours, sells stamps and accepts parcels outside the post offices business hours.
. The Competitive Environment
Potential Competition
Except for the rivals inside the convenience store industry, Konibi companies have to aware of the new competitor outside their sector called “Supa”. Supa stands for the newly open 4-hour supermarket. Although Konbini is still proliferating and expanding, Supa copy the concept the all-day-available service like convenience stores and has opened more than 100 stores around the country. The main strength of Supa is that it offers lower price comparing with Konbini and Supa has more various merchandises than Konbini. However, Supa had to consider the cost involving with the new concept it used. In order to open 4-hour, it requires the technology to run refrigeration system all day and need to acquire overnight workers like Konbini does.
External Competition
With the highly demanding consumers and intensive competition, convenience store market in Japan has become a challenge for foreign companies to invest. Japanese convenience store market is the worlds second biggest market after the United States, and these shows the opportunities for foreign companies to penetrate into the market. Massive foreign supermarket store companies such as Tesco and Carrefour have tapped into Japan and tried to conquer both in wholesaling and retailing sector. Although Japanese convenience store sector is fragmented, it is still difficult for foreign companies to acquire the market share due to the already saturated market, international acquisition law, and the consumer behavior in Japanese people. It resulted that Carrefour had to scale back its expansion from 1 stores in 00 to only 7 stores while Tesco is still trying to acquire C Two-Network, one of the retailing companies in Japan.
Outsider Competition
Regarding with utility payment service, the convenience stores are competing against the banks, which accept payments at their teller windows and through their ATMs. The ubiquity and longer hours of convenience stores give them a clear advantage for those paying cash. However, according to the Japan Bankers Association, banks also offer automatic direct-debit transfers, and an estimated 80% of utility bill payments.
. The Economic Environment
According to the Japan Franchise Association, In this year, the sales of Japanese convenience stores fell down for 1.% from last year. The primary reason focuses on the decline on a fall in the average spending per customer resulting from the prolonged economic recession. However, the number of customers on the February 00 showed the increasing of .6% from last year.
4. The Political Environment
Besides those financial institutions such as bank and brokerages, which allow to sell bonds in public, Japanese financial minister expected to sell government bonds to individual via convenience stores. In order to fill the government budget deficit, government analyzed the convenience stores as the connection to the individual investors. Because convenience store provides the idea of easy buy and familiar setting, it is likely that convenience stores could easily offer the government bond transaction to encourage the individuals. Although the process has not approved in the final procedure yet, the financial service agency has to submit to the current diet session an amendment to the securities and exchange law to allow convenience stores to be commissioned by brokerages to engage in equity and government bond transaction.
5. The legal environment
Due to the recession from the bubble economy period that affected sever decline in many Japan sectors, Japan government started to restructure the fundamental of the law since then. The Japanese government started amending the Law in 1. Among its provisions, the amended Law reduced the coordination period for new store openings to one year from a year and a half, and it eliminated the coordination processes by local business people altogether. Further changes were made in the regulatory implementation of the Law in May 14. The floor area subject to advance review was raised from 500 m to 1,000 m. Also, the number of unregulated closing days per year was reduced from 44 to 4, and stores that formerly were required to close at 7 PM were allowed to stay open until 8 PM. These changes made it easier to open and operate large retail stores. Convenience store sector are one of those sectors which using this deregulation to push the strategy of the aggressively opening stores to expand its revenue. In the other hand, the deregulation was also destroying the barrier entry which allows the foreign companies to gain the market segmentation of the Japan convenience store.
Conclusion
Although most convenience stores are successfully using product and service diversification, partnership alliances, and e-commerce distribution channel. It could not guarantee the continuing successful outcome in the future. E-commerce in the convenience store last year accounted for $. billion which is relatively small comparing with the total e-commerce industry.
Many companies tried to expand to the nearby countries FamilyMart and Lawson are now considering to move into China. They realized that Chinese market would have more potential to grow greater than the Japanese Market. However, in Shanghai, there are more than ,000 convenience stores and the number of these shops is still increasing rapidly. Lawson launched an outlet there in 16 and now has about 0 shops in Shanghai. But most outlets are locally owned. FamilyMart also doubted about the certain level of demand and people’s income to tap into those countries. Moreover, the consumer behaviors in China are also different from those in Japan. How could they successfully introduce the traditional Japanese food into Chinese people? It requires more market research and the new product and service development to fit with Chinese people, and the more important thing, they have to analyze the distribution system which will be suitable with the China’s big geographic area, which is totally different from Japan.
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Biesada, Alex. Seven-Eleven Japan Co., Ltd. Fact sheet Retrieved Nov. 00 from
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Convenience store inside post office. Japan Economic Newswire 5 Aug. 00.
Delivering To King Consumer - Do Japans C-Stores Have the Answers? Independent Publishing 1 July 000, 04.
FamilyMart financial summary. FamilyMart Co Ltd. Retrieved from www.family.co.jp
Frederick, Jim. The rise of 7-Eleven is a welcome victory for corporate Japan. Time Asia 00. Retrieved 4 Nov. 00 from http//www.time.com/time/asia/00/cool_japan/711.html.
Growing convenience. 4 Oct. 00. Japan Information Network. Retrieved 5 Nov. 00 from http//www.jinjapan.org/trends/business/bus0104.html.
Kazuhiko, Fukunaga. (March 001) At our konbini. LOOK Japan. Retrieved Nov. 00 from http//research.yale.edu/wwkelly/restricted/Japan_journalism/LOOKJapan_010.htm.
Kunii, Irene M. From convenience store to online behemoth? Business Week 10 Apr. 000 n. page.
Hoffman, Michael. Supa trades blows with konbini. The Japan Times 1 Sept. 00.
Lawson Inc financial summary. Lawson Inc. Retrieved from http//www.lawson.co.jp/e/ir/pdf/ir_00last_tanshin_e.pdf.
Oden is secret weapon in 4-hour stores war for customers. The Japan Times 16 Nov. 00.
PROFILE - JAPANS RETAIL INDUSTRY (JULY 00). Asia Pulse News 01 July 00.
Rapp, William V., & Mazhar ul Islam. (May 00) Putting e-Commerce to Work The Japanese Convenience Store Case. Retrieved 5 Nov. 00 from http//www-1.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/pdf/WP1.pdf.
Seven-Eleven earnings up rd straight year. The Japan Times 11Apr.00.
Seven-eleven Japan Co. Ltd. Financial summary. Seven-eleven Japan. Retrieved from http//www.sej.co.jp.
Stiles, Shane. (7 March 000) Konbini Commerce - Japanese Convenience stores and e-commerce. Retrieved 0 Nov. 00 from http//www.gate.com/business/konbinicommerce.aspx.
Sutherland, Ewan. Seven-eleven in Japan. Retrieved 1 Nov. 00 from
http//www.sutherla.dircon.co.uk/7-eleven/Japan/.
Tachino, Koki (March 000). Convenient, Connected. Japan Inc Magazine. Retrieved 18 Nov. 00 from http//www.japaninc.com/article.php?articleID=86.
The changing service industries of Japan. JETRO Ocenia. Retrieved 6 Nov. 00 from http//www.jetro.org.au/reports/other/sdist.pdf.
Uranaka, Taiga. Lawsons profit plunges 45% on outlet closures. The Japan Times 16 Apr. 00.
Mind that the sample papers like konbini presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Executive Summary
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the business of the convenience store in Japan retail sector. This paper addresses the general concept, the structure, and the changing roles in the convenience store in Japan.
Introduction
The concept of convenience stores was originally from the United States nearly 40 years ago. When the first convenience stores in the U.S. opened in 174, they were just places to sell daily necessities, from food, magazines, to clothing and only be paired with gas stations. Convenience stores in Japan, however, differ from those in the United States although the major role is still to provide daily necessities food.
Japanese had studied management practices from the U.S. convenience store and invented their own business techniques. With its dense urban populations, limited-space homes, and small retail-store stock, Japan was ideally suited to the convenience-store format. Two possible reasons that convenience store position in Japans retail sector is so strong today are from their innovative products and service and the unique distribution system. The concept of U.S. convenience store was modified and transformed into Japanese original retailing concept to focus on achieving both on the economy of scale and scope. “Konbini or Konbiniensu stoa”, which is the term Japanese calls the convenience stores, is a high-technology version of the U.S. convenience store. It is a place for customers not only to buy products but also to get services. They also fit into Japans logistics system since delivery companies use Konbini like distributing offices. There is highly competitive in this business and companies are trying to use several strategies to increase its sales and retain customers and use e-commerce as the driving force to gain the competitive advantage in the future.
History
In the Japanese retail sector history, convenience stores have been growing significantly in recent years. In the earlier years, convenience stores introduced itself as the general store which provides a wide range of products operating 4 hours a day. The first technology used in convenience store was called “Point of Sales system”. It helped store managers gather in the information storing that was related to sales. The benefit from using Point of Sales (POS) helped managers a better decision on product order volume and delivery which links to the concept of Just-in-time (JIT) in the present. Thus, convenience stores had improved better performance than general stores. General stores later had experienced declining in sales due to the increased competition, economic downturn, and the deflation. However, convenience store sales still rose from .8 trillion yen in 1 to 6.18 trillion yen in 18. Although the economy in Japan has experienced ups and downs since then, convenience stores have remained at that desirable level throughout this year.
After the retail industry deregulation, it was opening the way for new offerings that fit the convenience store services strategy. The convenience store has been dominated by three stores, Seven-Eleven Japan, Lawson, and FamilyMart since then. In 16, there were only about ,000 convenience stores in Japan, which estimates a population per store around 4,000. The key companies perceived this as a chance to expand as many as stores. With the increasing and intensive competition, many independent stores could not survive and completely shut down which resulted the total convenience store to decline by ,000 to ,67 stores in early 001. In 00, the top four convenience stores had sales over 67 % of total convenience store sales. By that year, convenience store business was expected to reach its market saturation level. There were 55,658 convenience stores in 00 and a population of ,000 people per store.
General information of key companies
Seven-eleven Japan
Seven-Eleven Japan is the largest convenience store in Japan by stores volumes and sales. The total sales in 00 was 44.0 billions yen which was increasing 10.% from last year and the total stores nationwide was ,60 which was up for 1.4% from last year. It successfully keeps the position of the first rank in convenience stores for rd consecutive years through this February 00. Store locations heavily concentrated in the Tokyo region in which 1,00 stores are and also in Osaka. The majority earnings are from the rice balls and streak products. The company has branched out its business model into e-commerce (7dream.com) and food delivery (Seven-Meal service). Seven-eleven Japan is a 50.6%-owned subsidiary of Ito-Yokado, the Japanese retailer that holds 7% of Seven-eleven in Northern America.
Lawson
Lawson is the second largest convenience store. Lawson, which headquarter located in the Osaka area, is the only chain store that operates in everywhere in Japan. It has more than 7,700 stores throughout Japan and nearby countries. The company was established in 175 as a subsidiary of Daiei, Inc, Japan’s largest GMS. Daiei has been reducing its shareholding, making the company essentially independent, though it has come increasingly under the influence of Mitsubishi Corp. However, during a year through February 00, Lawson got decreases in profit for 45% of about 8.86 billion because of the 1 unprofitable stores and their early retirement program. At the end of the February, Lawson has remaining stores on 7,65 domestic outlets.
FamilyMart
FamilyMart is the third largest convenience store company by number of stores and sales in Japan but becomes one of the largest franchised retailers in Korea. Their store locations are primarily located in Tokyo area. FamilyMart was established in 181. It was a former member of the Seibu Saison group, and considered to be a part of the Itochu group since 18. FamilyMart is focused in Tokyo and Nagoya, Japans third largest metropolitan area.
Table 1 shows the company performance and financial statement of key convenience stores in 00.
Table 1 General information on key conveniences stores in Japan in year 00 (ending at February 00)
(Yen billions) Seven-Eleven Lawson FamilyMart
Revenue 44.0 56.11 15
Operating income 155.86 6.6
Number of stores ,60 7,65 6,01
Average daily sales per store 656 48 50
Source Japan’s retail industry and Seven-eleven, Lawson Company, and FamilyMart annual reports in year 00.
Target Market
In 00, Japanese marketers formed the target groups of convenience store by this
- Men between the ages of 5-60, shop at a convenience store three times a week.
- Students and single men average shop at a convenience store four times per week.
- Working women from 1 to 4 years old shop two to three times per week.
- Housewives and female teens visit two to three times per week.
Business strategies
The key strategy for most Japanese convenience store is to concern on the economy of scope by adding products and services to attract more customers, even though most services do not contribute to profits directly. Another strategy used is to form partnership outside the convenience store sector to create the strategic alliances and expand the potential sales. However, only Seven-eleven Japan company still exploits the benefit of the economy of scale and scope. Seven-eleven Japan still focuses on the aggressive store expansion to take advantage of cost-effective distribution and higher local recognition. There are 10,000 seven-eleven stores expanding ever since started and around 1 outlets in the first six-month period on 00. It also starts to expand around the country. In 00, Seven-eleven opened 54 outlets in Aichi where it has never accessed this location before. In term of economy of scope, besides the main benefit for their original items, which account for the majority sales, the firm also seeks to find products and services diversification as well as the variety kinds of their proprietary merchandise, which is developed together with makers of national brands.
Product and service diversification and differentiation
Box-lunch
Seven-eleven successfully targeted the local tastes in target areas such as Sendai where the company introduced beef-tongue boxes lunch.
Seven-Meal Service
Seven-eleven created a new business model as an expansion of the chains extensive fast-food operation called “Seven-Meal Service”. The service provides prepared meals and packages of cooking ingredients for customers who find that daily meal preparation is not convenient. Items can be ordered by telephone, fax, and Internet, or at Seven-Eleven stores and can be picked up at the store or delivered using vehicles that can keep the food at required temperatures. The service was established in August 000 and was available about 40% of Seven-eleven Japan stores in February 00.
Oden
Oden, which means vegetables, fish dumplings and other types of food simmered slowly in a soup, becomes more attractive and result as the competitive merchandise among convenience store in the winter session. FamilyMart pushed the oden times as its product differentiation by investing in those cooking equipment in their 4,000 stores. FamilyMart accounted for oden products to boost up the profit in 00 as they predicted that there would be increasing in the average sales of oden from last winter of 0,000 and 10,000 yen per store per day.
Tickets
Lawson established its own concert, movie, and event ticket company called “Lawson Tickets Co. Ltd (LTCL)”. TLCL started in July 1 to handle airline tickets and tickets to Disneyland and Universal Studios. Distribution channels are Lawson and Daiei stores, including via phone. LTCL was growing about 0% per year, reaching ¥ billion in revenues for 001. LTCL is profitable than PIA, the Japan’s largest ticket company because PIA sold tickets for a wider range of events while Lawson targeted customers in age 0s and 0s by knowing that their existing customers are in range. The idea seems to have worked, though overall ticket sales in the first part of 00 were down 11% from the previous year and operating income was down 4%.
Point Programs
Most convenience stores offer point cards”, which give their customers points based on the amount of purchases. Lawson and Family Mart were firstly introducing this idea. Although Seven-eleven Japan resisted following this idea, it was forced to do the same. The point card intention is to reward customer loyalty. Getting a credit card issued by one of the convenience stores automatically makes customers become members to earn points. FamilyMart claimed that a list of items points could be redeemed for. When purchasing, it awards 1.4 points for each 100 yen, and after collecting 1000 points, a customer can use them to buy items at FamilyMart stores.
Utility payment (electricity, water, gas, telephone bills)
Convenience stores provided payment services for utility bills in 187 and have become an important activity. In 001, Seven-eleven Japan reported that it had over % of the total Japanese payments market, which includes payments from banks and the postal system. This represented some ¥0 billion in payments and involved over 16 million transactions on behalf of 1 companies. During 000, Lawson processed 8 million transactions for a total of 650 billion yen. In 001 transaction value, mainly from public utility payment (telephone, electricity, gas, water), rose to 74 billion yen and commissions were 5.7 billion yen, up to 7.% year on year. Payment services have grown about 0% annually since 15.
Package shipping
In the mid 10s package shipping was added in convenience store by evolving into a drop-off site and as the ship-to address for their customers. Seven-eleven Japan used Yamato Unyu (Black Cat), Japans largest package-delivery firm. During the year ended February 00 SEJ handled 1.8 million such parcels.
The competitive advantage of using e-commerce strategy
Convenience stores in Japan are now facilitating Internet access and e-commerce. Japanese convenience stores are exploiting the concept of technology differently from the United States e-commerce business model. Because knowing that their customers are reluctant to make credit card payment over the Internet or telephone, Japanese convenience stores now concern on evolve themselves as a third-party payment services which requires substantial IT infrastructure. They are cooperating tightly with their IT-based alliances called “e-retsu” and deal with the database management with the use of smart cell phones called telematics.
retsu often refer to those companies which have no previous alliance relationship but have common shareholding. Japanese firms are normally used to cooperate to take advantage of new business opportunities. Similarly to keiretsu concept, the motivation in forming an e-retsu is to form expertise in a new venture in which all companies hold share and raise capital to invest in R&D and technical expertise.
Telematics referred to interactive computer mediated communications. It is the intersection of informatics (the processing and application of data with specific goals and objectives) and telecommunications, especially wireless communications in a mobile environment. For example, it enables the linking of mobile devices and wired solutions to achieve a multi-media result. Seven-Eleven Japan and Sony is one of the good example that Sony have an agreement to offer high-speed downloading of games for PlayStation using its centralized server. Seven-Eleven stores can offer a selection of games and only has to store blank CDs. This is how convenience stores cooperate with their partners to use telematic idea to create their strategies and build competitive barriers. The pressure on video game rental stores and software shops is enormous.
The first e-retsu was 7dream.com. It owned by seven companies and involving several others that provide goods and services, its web site was launched in February 000. Seven-eleven Japan intended to promote it as the largest e-commerce businesses in Japan. The concept of the service comes from the result polls indicate that 70% of Japanese dislike using credit cards for online purchases. Thus, after placing orders on the Web, customers can pick up and pay for them at any Seven-Eleven shop. Seven-Eleven attracts .6 billion customers yearly--a daily average of 50 per shop. 7dream.com can be accessed directly over the Internet and other networks, including those open to mobile phones and direct TV. Net sales in 001 were 1,170 million yen, compared to ¥617 million in 000.
Lawson, on the other hand, recognized the entrance into e-commerce actually began with the development of third-party bill settlement services in 15. Lawson has developed a multi-channel e-commerce system based on the Internet, mobile phones, and multimedia kiosks. It calls this business model as the BC e-commerce activity @Lawson, and its web site, at lawson.co.jp, was launched in December 1. An affiliate, e-Context, handles product delivery, agency transaction settlements, and other @Lawson agency activities. It is 48 % owned by Lawson, 10% by Mitsubishi Corp, and the balance by various other companies. Lawson perceived e-commerce to be very important currently and prospectively. “In e-commerce, which include the Internet and NTT DoCoMo’s i-mode mobile service, our store network facilitates Lawson’s existing services-settlement services and product pick-up at stores. We aim to provide these services for a fee to retailers and service providers that sell on line. The key element differentiating Lawson from other chains is our nationwide presence. Clients using Lawson services will thus have access to consumers throughout Japan, unlocking a host of new Net business opportunities. Leading companies have already honed in on our strengths. We have, for example, launched joint ventures with NTT DoCoMo, Inc, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd and Mitsubishi Corp. Indeed, Lawson’s competitive advantage also lies in being able to tap into these companies’ wealth of resources.” (Lawson 000 Annual Report.)
Situation Analysis
In order to analyze the future position of the firms in the convenience store sector, I use the situation analysis theory to analyze the past and current situations, strategies, and trends to predict the future outcome. It can be divided into five major areas of concern.
1. The Cooperative Environment
Konbini is now cooperating with several companies outside the convenience store industry. For example, Japan Post, a public corporation that took over postal services from the government, has been reinforcing tie-ups with Lawson, which operates convenience stores across Japan. Japan Post had an agreement to analyze the possibility of letting all Lawson stores accept postal parcels. If the process is successful, Lawson will represent as Japan Post to deliver small parcels throughout its nationwide convenience store chain in order to strengthen their business alliance. Lawson offers facilities where customers can write letters or work on their own computers to browse the Internet via the stores wireless LAN network. The store sells envelopes, postcards and other merchandise related to postal services, in addition to goods sold at other Lawson stores. The store, which is open 4 hours, sells stamps and accepts parcels outside the post offices business hours.
. The Competitive Environment
Potential Competition
Except for the rivals inside the convenience store industry, Konibi companies have to aware of the new competitor outside their sector called “Supa”. Supa stands for the newly open 4-hour supermarket. Although Konbini is still proliferating and expanding, Supa copy the concept the all-day-available service like convenience stores and has opened more than 100 stores around the country. The main strength of Supa is that it offers lower price comparing with Konbini and Supa has more various merchandises than Konbini. However, Supa had to consider the cost involving with the new concept it used. In order to open 4-hour, it requires the technology to run refrigeration system all day and need to acquire overnight workers like Konbini does.
External Competition
With the highly demanding consumers and intensive competition, convenience store market in Japan has become a challenge for foreign companies to invest. Japanese convenience store market is the worlds second biggest market after the United States, and these shows the opportunities for foreign companies to penetrate into the market. Massive foreign supermarket store companies such as Tesco and Carrefour have tapped into Japan and tried to conquer both in wholesaling and retailing sector. Although Japanese convenience store sector is fragmented, it is still difficult for foreign companies to acquire the market share due to the already saturated market, international acquisition law, and the consumer behavior in Japanese people. It resulted that Carrefour had to scale back its expansion from 1 stores in 00 to only 7 stores while Tesco is still trying to acquire C Two-Network, one of the retailing companies in Japan.
Outsider Competition
Regarding with utility payment service, the convenience stores are competing against the banks, which accept payments at their teller windows and through their ATMs. The ubiquity and longer hours of convenience stores give them a clear advantage for those paying cash. However, according to the Japan Bankers Association, banks also offer automatic direct-debit transfers, and an estimated 80% of utility bill payments.
. The Economic Environment
According to the Japan Franchise Association, In this year, the sales of Japanese convenience stores fell down for 1.% from last year. The primary reason focuses on the decline on a fall in the average spending per customer resulting from the prolonged economic recession. However, the number of customers on the February 00 showed the increasing of .6% from last year.
4. The Political Environment
Besides those financial institutions such as bank and brokerages, which allow to sell bonds in public, Japanese financial minister expected to sell government bonds to individual via convenience stores. In order to fill the government budget deficit, government analyzed the convenience stores as the connection to the individual investors. Because convenience store provides the idea of easy buy and familiar setting, it is likely that convenience stores could easily offer the government bond transaction to encourage the individuals. Although the process has not approved in the final procedure yet, the financial service agency has to submit to the current diet session an amendment to the securities and exchange law to allow convenience stores to be commissioned by brokerages to engage in equity and government bond transaction.
5. The legal environment
Due to the recession from the bubble economy period that affected sever decline in many Japan sectors, Japan government started to restructure the fundamental of the law since then. The Japanese government started amending the Law in 1. Among its provisions, the amended Law reduced the coordination period for new store openings to one year from a year and a half, and it eliminated the coordination processes by local business people altogether. Further changes were made in the regulatory implementation of the Law in May 14. The floor area subject to advance review was raised from 500 m to 1,000 m. Also, the number of unregulated closing days per year was reduced from 44 to 4, and stores that formerly were required to close at 7 PM were allowed to stay open until 8 PM. These changes made it easier to open and operate large retail stores. Convenience store sector are one of those sectors which using this deregulation to push the strategy of the aggressively opening stores to expand its revenue. In the other hand, the deregulation was also destroying the barrier entry which allows the foreign companies to gain the market segmentation of the Japan convenience store.
Conclusion
Although most convenience stores are successfully using product and service diversification, partnership alliances, and e-commerce distribution channel. It could not guarantee the continuing successful outcome in the future. E-commerce in the convenience store last year accounted for $. billion which is relatively small comparing with the total e-commerce industry.
Many companies tried to expand to the nearby countries FamilyMart and Lawson are now considering to move into China. They realized that Chinese market would have more potential to grow greater than the Japanese Market. However, in Shanghai, there are more than ,000 convenience stores and the number of these shops is still increasing rapidly. Lawson launched an outlet there in 16 and now has about 0 shops in Shanghai. But most outlets are locally owned. FamilyMart also doubted about the certain level of demand and people’s income to tap into those countries. Moreover, the consumer behaviors in China are also different from those in Japan. How could they successfully introduce the traditional Japanese food into Chinese people? It requires more market research and the new product and service development to fit with Chinese people, and the more important thing, they have to analyze the distribution system which will be suitable with the China’s big geographic area, which is totally different from Japan.
Bibliography
Biesada, Alex. Lawson, Inc. Fact sheet. Retrieved Nov. 00 from http//www.hoovers.com/lawson/--ID__10766--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml.
Biesada, Alex. Seven-Eleven Japan Co., Ltd. Fact sheet Retrieved Nov. 00 from
http//www.hoovers.com/seven-eleven-japan/--ID__55764--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml.
Convenience store inside post office. Japan Economic Newswire 5 Aug. 00.
Delivering To King Consumer - Do Japans C-Stores Have the Answers? Independent Publishing 1 July 000, 04.
FamilyMart financial summary. FamilyMart Co Ltd. Retrieved from www.family.co.jp
Frederick, Jim. The rise of 7-Eleven is a welcome victory for corporate Japan. Time Asia 00. Retrieved 4 Nov. 00 from http//www.time.com/time/asia/00/cool_japan/711.html.
Growing convenience. 4 Oct. 00. Japan Information Network. Retrieved 5 Nov. 00 from http//www.jinjapan.org/trends/business/bus0104.html.
Kazuhiko, Fukunaga. (March 001) At our konbini. LOOK Japan. Retrieved Nov. 00 from http//research.yale.edu/wwkelly/restricted/Japan_journalism/LOOKJapan_010.htm.
Kunii, Irene M. From convenience store to online behemoth? Business Week 10 Apr. 000 n. page.
Hoffman, Michael. Supa trades blows with konbini. The Japan Times 1 Sept. 00.
Lawson Inc financial summary. Lawson Inc. Retrieved from http//www.lawson.co.jp/e/ir/pdf/ir_00last_tanshin_e.pdf.
Oden is secret weapon in 4-hour stores war for customers. The Japan Times 16 Nov. 00.
PROFILE - JAPANS RETAIL INDUSTRY (JULY 00). Asia Pulse News 01 July 00.
Rapp, William V., & Mazhar ul Islam. (May 00) Putting e-Commerce to Work The Japanese Convenience Store Case. Retrieved 5 Nov. 00 from http//www-1.gsb.columbia.edu/japan/pdf/WP1.pdf.
Seven-Eleven earnings up rd straight year. The Japan Times 11Apr.00.
Seven-eleven Japan Co. Ltd. Financial summary. Seven-eleven Japan. Retrieved from http//www.sej.co.jp.
Stiles, Shane. (7 March 000) Konbini Commerce - Japanese Convenience stores and e-commerce. Retrieved 0 Nov. 00 from http//www.gate.com/business/konbinicommerce.aspx.
Sutherland, Ewan. Seven-eleven in Japan. Retrieved 1 Nov. 00 from
http//www.sutherla.dircon.co.uk/7-eleven/Japan/.
Tachino, Koki (March 000). Convenient, Connected. Japan Inc Magazine. Retrieved 18 Nov. 00 from http//www.japaninc.com/article.php?articleID=86.
The changing service industries of Japan. JETRO Ocenia. Retrieved 6 Nov. 00 from http//www.jetro.org.au/reports/other/sdist.pdf.
Uranaka, Taiga. Lawsons profit plunges 45% on outlet closures. The Japan Times 16 Apr. 00.
Mind that the sample papers like konbini presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
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Located at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago is One True Thing, Meditations on Black Aesthetics by Kerry James Marshall. Contained within this exhibit is a piece entitled 7 AM Sunday Morning. This particular painting showcases Chicago’s Bronzeville neighborhood, where Marshall is from. 7 AM is a composite of the buildings on Chicago’s south side in Bronzeville. This particular area, where Marshall is from, is known as a black metropolis with a strong community of black owned businesses. It was considered rich in culture until well after World War . According to Annie Ranttila, “The piece, 7am Sunday Morning, shows the neighborhood, created by the CHA, in despair; but somehow, beyond all expectations still thriving. The painting is huge. Somehow Marshall has captured the depraved squalor, but simultaneously the absolute beauty.”
The gently sunlit streets are empty except for a small group of people waiting for a bus. A liquor store, beauty shops and churches are within view. Birds flutter overhead. Trees. Street signs, pavement and trash. Vacant lots. Car engines ricochet off the rows of one-story buildings down the block, sound peaking for an instant before disappearing back into stillness. Music plays just beyond earshot. Notions of lyrics of song that are heard from the Bronzeville neighborhood are disrupted by the glare of sun off the buildings. The prismatic light represents one end where “black painting” represents the other. These are the life-like scenes of Chicago’s Bronzville neighborhood in the landscape of Marshalls 7AM Sunday Morning. “His painting 7 am Sunday Morning offers a nearly life-sized perspective of this street scene. A perfect surface uninterrupted by evidence of a brushstroke spreads out across the reality, almost rising up from within the buildings, the grass, the ironworks.”
In the most basic sense 7 AM is an acrylic painting on a canvas banner. However, when more closely examining the painting one can see that the intensities of the colors in this piece are very dull. The only brightness that can be seen is the sun shining through the clouds, which is intensely bright. The colors are more subdued and grayed. There is really a lighter value to the painting; it’s easy to see that all the colors are similarly light there isn’t a dark shape or object that sticks out from the rest of the painting. The dark shapes that are present aren’t visibly out of place. There is defiantly a split screen effect. It is possible that Marshall is trying to generate a before and after effect. On one end you have the neighborhood as a calm and serene place, and the other is the interruption of light, maybe symbolizing the mixing of cultures and disruption of a place that was rich and culture. On one end you have and identifiable place, the other is a place searching for an identity. Everything, with the exception of the distorted side, is very squared off and box-like. This however doesn’t really take away from the lifelike feel of the piece. It appears to be a realistic view an area of the Bronzeville neighborhood. Although, one is not sure if the area depicted is real or not, one gets the feeling that this area really looked like this at one time. The right side of the painting is comprised of geometric shapes, mostly hexagons and rhombuses. The texture of the painting itself is very smooth, there’s nothing elevated or nothing that rises above the landscape. The foreground is relatively empty; most of the content is really what would be considered toward the back of the piece. The relative lack of activity and soft hues of color give this piece a more laid back and calm appearance, which is quite a contrast to what the neighborhood is today. Marshall also has a great sense of space. The painting itself has a great sense of depth. When looking at it one gets the sense that the buildings in the background and the birds up in the sky are a great distance way. Everything is spread out and not bunched together and this contributes to the feeling of this being a very tranquil piece, its like everything is in perfect harmony.
In conclusion, this artwork by Kerry James Marshall can be best describes as realistic, but also has an objective quality, because of the prismatic affect. It is obvious that the subject matter on the “black painting” side is very realistic and subjective, with a clear subject matter. The prisms, however, make it really difficult to find the meaning of the painting and also make it difficult to describe all the elements presented.
Mind that the sample papers like kerry james marshall presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Located at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago is One True Thing, Meditations on Black Aesthetics by Kerry James Marshall. Contained within this exhibit is a piece entitled 7 AM Sunday Morning. This particular painting showcases Chicago’s Bronzeville neighborhood, where Marshall is from. 7 AM is a composite of the buildings on Chicago’s south side in Bronzeville. This particular area, where Marshall is from, is known as a black metropolis with a strong community of black owned businesses. It was considered rich in culture until well after World War . According to Annie Ranttila, “The piece, 7am Sunday Morning, shows the neighborhood, created by the CHA, in despair; but somehow, beyond all expectations still thriving. The painting is huge. Somehow Marshall has captured the depraved squalor, but simultaneously the absolute beauty.”
The gently sunlit streets are empty except for a small group of people waiting for a bus. A liquor store, beauty shops and churches are within view. Birds flutter overhead. Trees. Street signs, pavement and trash. Vacant lots. Car engines ricochet off the rows of one-story buildings down the block, sound peaking for an instant before disappearing back into stillness. Music plays just beyond earshot. Notions of lyrics of song that are heard from the Bronzeville neighborhood are disrupted by the glare of sun off the buildings. The prismatic light represents one end where “black painting” represents the other. These are the life-like scenes of Chicago’s Bronzville neighborhood in the landscape of Marshalls 7AM Sunday Morning. “His painting 7 am Sunday Morning offers a nearly life-sized perspective of this street scene. A perfect surface uninterrupted by evidence of a brushstroke spreads out across the reality, almost rising up from within the buildings, the grass, the ironworks.”
In the most basic sense 7 AM is an acrylic painting on a canvas banner. However, when more closely examining the painting one can see that the intensities of the colors in this piece are very dull. The only brightness that can be seen is the sun shining through the clouds, which is intensely bright. The colors are more subdued and grayed. There is really a lighter value to the painting; it’s easy to see that all the colors are similarly light there isn’t a dark shape or object that sticks out from the rest of the painting. The dark shapes that are present aren’t visibly out of place. There is defiantly a split screen effect. It is possible that Marshall is trying to generate a before and after effect. On one end you have the neighborhood as a calm and serene place, and the other is the interruption of light, maybe symbolizing the mixing of cultures and disruption of a place that was rich and culture. On one end you have and identifiable place, the other is a place searching for an identity. Everything, with the exception of the distorted side, is very squared off and box-like. This however doesn’t really take away from the lifelike feel of the piece. It appears to be a realistic view an area of the Bronzeville neighborhood. Although, one is not sure if the area depicted is real or not, one gets the feeling that this area really looked like this at one time. The right side of the painting is comprised of geometric shapes, mostly hexagons and rhombuses. The texture of the painting itself is very smooth, there’s nothing elevated or nothing that rises above the landscape. The foreground is relatively empty; most of the content is really what would be considered toward the back of the piece. The relative lack of activity and soft hues of color give this piece a more laid back and calm appearance, which is quite a contrast to what the neighborhood is today. Marshall also has a great sense of space. The painting itself has a great sense of depth. When looking at it one gets the sense that the buildings in the background and the birds up in the sky are a great distance way. Everything is spread out and not bunched together and this contributes to the feeling of this being a very tranquil piece, its like everything is in perfect harmony.
In conclusion, this artwork by Kerry James Marshall can be best describes as realistic, but also has an objective quality, because of the prismatic affect. It is obvious that the subject matter on the “black painting” side is very realistic and subjective, with a clear subject matter. The prisms, however, make it really difficult to find the meaning of the painting and also make it difficult to describe all the elements presented.
Mind that the sample papers like kerry james marshall presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Wednesday, 1 August 2012
Canada is the best country
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THE BEST COUNTRY
To be the best at something means to surpass all others in quality or excellence. Certain characteristics or factors are what makes something the best. Canada is a country where there are many opportunities to succeed and lead a great life. Everyone including immigrants are welcome to share in the countrys prosperity and community life. Yes, without a doubt, Canada is the best country because of their many, many attributes.
Canada is well known to have exceptional health care and medicine. There are many hospitals all around the country to help cure the sick. They carry the finest physicians, nurses, technicians and support staff to ensure that patients are treated well, and that they get the best care possible. Canada has made breakthroughs in cancer treatment and was the first to discover insulin. Canada has one of the world’s best health systems. Every citizen and permanent resident is covered by insurance plan of the province he/she lives in. Canada also provides the world’s best quality essential health services including doctors’ fee and hospital charges.
Another area that Canada strives to make better each and every day is education and social welfare. Canada is a country with high educational achievement. They have the best educated people with the highest literacy rate in the world. Canada offers free primary and secondary education and subsidized post-secondary studies and makes it mandatory for students to attend school until they are 16-17 years old. Canada is a leader and an example for other countries. To the best of their abilities they try to help people in any way possible. They give aid to developing countries and they set up anti-smoking campaigns so that people can lead and develop healthy lives. Statistics show that Canadians live longer that anyone on the planet with exceptions to people in Japan and Iceland (high life expectancy). After Canada placed first in a global glimpse of human development, it showed that Canada puts its citizens first, above everything else and that Canada tries to improve human nature, relationships and lifestyles. Canada is also a welfare state, meaning that the government takes care of its citizen’s basic social services.
One last important quality Canada acquires is the freedom. Everyone is treated equally despite their race, sex, religion, values, beliefs, customs, traditions, etc. There is social harmony between races and anyone is free to maintain their ethnic and cultural heritage, yet participating freely in Canadian customs and traditions. This country guarantees everyone the rights to equality, mobility freedom of speech, assembly and association. Canada is a model of how people of different national backgrounds and cultures can live and work together in peace, prosperity and mutual respect. All Canadians were viewed as honest, friendly and polite as well as being considered a generous, peaceful, and compassionate land.
As a nation, people are united as one. Canada is a strong, fit, and vigorous country. In a place where the choice is ours, and free will lies upon our fingertips, take advantage and prosper. Canada, the true home, one that holds the spirits of the free. Not just a country but a community bound together with the chains of hope and love. When locked, the chains create an armour, an armour of heart, one heart which will not be broken.
Mind that the sample papers like Canada is the best country presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
THE BEST COUNTRY
To be the best at something means to surpass all others in quality or excellence. Certain characteristics or factors are what makes something the best. Canada is a country where there are many opportunities to succeed and lead a great life. Everyone including immigrants are welcome to share in the countrys prosperity and community life. Yes, without a doubt, Canada is the best country because of their many, many attributes.
Canada is well known to have exceptional health care and medicine. There are many hospitals all around the country to help cure the sick. They carry the finest physicians, nurses, technicians and support staff to ensure that patients are treated well, and that they get the best care possible. Canada has made breakthroughs in cancer treatment and was the first to discover insulin. Canada has one of the world’s best health systems. Every citizen and permanent resident is covered by insurance plan of the province he/she lives in. Canada also provides the world’s best quality essential health services including doctors’ fee and hospital charges.
Another area that Canada strives to make better each and every day is education and social welfare. Canada is a country with high educational achievement. They have the best educated people with the highest literacy rate in the world. Canada offers free primary and secondary education and subsidized post-secondary studies and makes it mandatory for students to attend school until they are 16-17 years old. Canada is a leader and an example for other countries. To the best of their abilities they try to help people in any way possible. They give aid to developing countries and they set up anti-smoking campaigns so that people can lead and develop healthy lives. Statistics show that Canadians live longer that anyone on the planet with exceptions to people in Japan and Iceland (high life expectancy). After Canada placed first in a global glimpse of human development, it showed that Canada puts its citizens first, above everything else and that Canada tries to improve human nature, relationships and lifestyles. Canada is also a welfare state, meaning that the government takes care of its citizen’s basic social services.
One last important quality Canada acquires is the freedom. Everyone is treated equally despite their race, sex, religion, values, beliefs, customs, traditions, etc. There is social harmony between races and anyone is free to maintain their ethnic and cultural heritage, yet participating freely in Canadian customs and traditions. This country guarantees everyone the rights to equality, mobility freedom of speech, assembly and association. Canada is a model of how people of different national backgrounds and cultures can live and work together in peace, prosperity and mutual respect. All Canadians were viewed as honest, friendly and polite as well as being considered a generous, peaceful, and compassionate land.
As a nation, people are united as one. Canada is a strong, fit, and vigorous country. In a place where the choice is ours, and free will lies upon our fingertips, take advantage and prosper. Canada, the true home, one that holds the spirits of the free. Not just a country but a community bound together with the chains of hope and love. When locked, the chains create an armour, an armour of heart, one heart which will not be broken.
Mind that the sample papers like Canada is the best country presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Sunday, 29 July 2012
Choices
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Choices even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Choices in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Making choices are a valuable thing in your life. They allow you to choice what you want to do. Influences are also important. If you see someone you look up to doing something you are more likely to do that same, because you think its cool. When you make a decision you are usually given choices. Without choices there would not be decisions. Then life would be so much easier. You should always make good decision in your life and stay around people who make good choices because if you fall with the wrong crowd then you might end up making poor choices that can cost you your life.
In the short story The Censors Juan made a choice I do not agree with. He decided that he would want to become censors. He wanted to read letters that people wrote and censor them. He wrote a letter to a girl name Mariana and he was talking bad about the government. That is against the law were he is. No one is to talk bad about the government. He got so wrapped up in his work that finally when he got her letter, he censored it. There were antigovernment sentences in it, which is against the law. The government went and killed both of them. Making bad choices may end up causing people to end their life.
In conclusion people need to start making better decisions in there. So make good decisions in your life if you want to live life to the fullest.
Mind that the sample papers like Choices presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Making choices are a valuable thing in your life. They allow you to choice what you want to do. Influences are also important. If you see someone you look up to doing something you are more likely to do that same, because you think its cool. When you make a decision you are usually given choices. Without choices there would not be decisions. Then life would be so much easier. You should always make good decision in your life and stay around people who make good choices because if you fall with the wrong crowd then you might end up making poor choices that can cost you your life.
In the short story The Censors Juan made a choice I do not agree with. He decided that he would want to become censors. He wanted to read letters that people wrote and censor them. He wrote a letter to a girl name Mariana and he was talking bad about the government. That is against the law were he is. No one is to talk bad about the government. He got so wrapped up in his work that finally when he got her letter, he censored it. There were antigovernment sentences in it, which is against the law. The government went and killed both of them. Making bad choices may end up causing people to end their life.
In conclusion people need to start making better decisions in there. So make good decisions in your life if you want to live life to the fullest.
Mind that the sample papers like Choices presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Friday, 13 July 2012
Fame, Fate and Destiny
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Fame, Fate and Destiny even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Fame, Fate and Destiny in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Fame, Fate and Destiny
In the epic Beowulf, translated by Burton Raffel, Beowulf was an epic hero who was confronted by violence, evil and death to save Danish people in mortal danger. Beowulf is glorified by his work, which illustrated physical strength, values and efficient ideas to better the Denmark society. Beowulf, while on his quest to rescue King Hrothgar from the demonic monster, Grendel, demonstrated fame, fate and destiny.
Fame is widespread recognition as a heroic person from past events, which are successfully controlled, yet remembered and cherished. Beowulf had a reputation from his great values and heroic ideals. King Hrothgar believed Beowulf could defeat Grendel because he was a victorious warrior. “So Grendel ruled, fought with the righteous, one against many, and won; so Herot stood empty, and stood deserted for years, twelve winters of grief for Hrothgar, king of the Danes, sorrow heaped at his door by hell-forged hand.” (Raffel 5-64) The man-eating monster terrified the people of Denmark and thought Grendel could not be defeated. Beowulf was highly recognized from the outcome of the battle with Grendel. Beowulf received fame from defeating the beast and hung the monstrous arm on the rafters so all could see. The people of Denmark respected Beowulf. In the final battle, Beowulf and Wiglaf, a chosen Geat warrior by Beowulf, killed the dragon while the other soldiers did not aid the king. Beowulf was badly injured and asked Wiglaf to see the treasures in the dragon’s lair. Beowulf felt as though
Bozeman
sacrificed his own life for his people, battling for golden treasures. Beowulf wanted to be known after death for his heroic deeds.
Have the brave Geats build a tomb, when the funeral flames have burned me, and build it here, at the water’s edge, high on this spit of land, so sailors can see this tower, and remember my name, and call it Beowulf’s tower, and boats in the darkness and mist, crossing the sea, will know it. (Raffel 80-816)
Beowulf showed fame by wishing to receive recognition from sailors who passed the exact spot where the battle took place. Ashes and the dragon` s treasures were placed in Beowulf’s burial tower by the sea, where the great warrior would be remembered. “ So fame comes to men who mean to win it and care about nothing else!”(Raffel 610-61)
Another element that was considered in Beowulf was fate. Fate is the agency by which events are inevitably predetermined. Fate was ordained to happen. In Unferth`s challenge, Beowulf was attacked by sea creatures, yet was saved from death.
These shining bits of metal woven across my breast, saved me from death. A monster seized me, drew me swiftly toward the bottom, swimming with its claws tight in my flesh. But fate let me find its heart with my sword. (Raffel 84-8)
Beowulf was saved by fate because his soul was not destined to leave earth. The metal on Beowulf’s chest kept him alive. “Fate saves the living when they drive away death by themselves!” (Raffel 05-06) Beowulf’s life was predestined. Beowulf defeated nine sea creatures and lived to see another day.
Destiny is the outcome of predetermined events by the power of agency. Destiny comes full circle with an outcome. Beowulf reaches his destinations from closure of another path and
Bozeman
started a new beginning. “He knew the sea, would point the prow straight to that Danish shore….” (Raffel 1-14) Beowulf was supposed to sail to Denmark to aid King Hrothgar. Destiny led Beowulf to Denmark, which started a new outset from the omens, and Geats in Sweden. Throughout Beowulf, Beowulf was known as the Geats great Prince. Over the years, Beowulf became king of the Geats. “King and his greatness, his glory, praising him for heroic deeds, for a life as noble as his name.” (Raffel 8-84) Beowulf sacrificed life for greatness, recognition and respect as a Geat warrior. People began to follow Beowulf, once worthiness was proven. After ending successful voyages over time, Beowulf started a new path as king, which led to his final destination after the last battle, death. Beowulf died as the greatest king whose personality was open to the people of Denmark who would come to praise him.
Fame, fate and destiny were all key elements in the epic, Beowulf. Beowulf began and ended a great Geat warrior well known for his heroic actions. Beowulf reached his destination through fame and fate. Fate drove Beowulf to become famous which led him to his destiny of the greatest king ever. Beowulf considered other peoples` well being instead of his own. Even after Beowulf’s death, people praised, cherished and would forever remember the bravest Geat warrior.
Mind that the sample papers like Fame, Fate and Destiny presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Fame, Fate and Destiny
In the epic Beowulf, translated by Burton Raffel, Beowulf was an epic hero who was confronted by violence, evil and death to save Danish people in mortal danger. Beowulf is glorified by his work, which illustrated physical strength, values and efficient ideas to better the Denmark society. Beowulf, while on his quest to rescue King Hrothgar from the demonic monster, Grendel, demonstrated fame, fate and destiny.
Fame is widespread recognition as a heroic person from past events, which are successfully controlled, yet remembered and cherished. Beowulf had a reputation from his great values and heroic ideals. King Hrothgar believed Beowulf could defeat Grendel because he was a victorious warrior. “So Grendel ruled, fought with the righteous, one against many, and won; so Herot stood empty, and stood deserted for years, twelve winters of grief for Hrothgar, king of the Danes, sorrow heaped at his door by hell-forged hand.” (Raffel 5-64) The man-eating monster terrified the people of Denmark and thought Grendel could not be defeated. Beowulf was highly recognized from the outcome of the battle with Grendel. Beowulf received fame from defeating the beast and hung the monstrous arm on the rafters so all could see. The people of Denmark respected Beowulf. In the final battle, Beowulf and Wiglaf, a chosen Geat warrior by Beowulf, killed the dragon while the other soldiers did not aid the king. Beowulf was badly injured and asked Wiglaf to see the treasures in the dragon’s lair. Beowulf felt as though
Bozeman
sacrificed his own life for his people, battling for golden treasures. Beowulf wanted to be known after death for his heroic deeds.
Have the brave Geats build a tomb, when the funeral flames have burned me, and build it here, at the water’s edge, high on this spit of land, so sailors can see this tower, and remember my name, and call it Beowulf’s tower, and boats in the darkness and mist, crossing the sea, will know it. (Raffel 80-816)
Beowulf showed fame by wishing to receive recognition from sailors who passed the exact spot where the battle took place. Ashes and the dragon` s treasures were placed in Beowulf’s burial tower by the sea, where the great warrior would be remembered. “ So fame comes to men who mean to win it and care about nothing else!”(Raffel 610-61)
Another element that was considered in Beowulf was fate. Fate is the agency by which events are inevitably predetermined. Fate was ordained to happen. In Unferth`s challenge, Beowulf was attacked by sea creatures, yet was saved from death.
These shining bits of metal woven across my breast, saved me from death. A monster seized me, drew me swiftly toward the bottom, swimming with its claws tight in my flesh. But fate let me find its heart with my sword. (Raffel 84-8)
Beowulf was saved by fate because his soul was not destined to leave earth. The metal on Beowulf’s chest kept him alive. “Fate saves the living when they drive away death by themselves!” (Raffel 05-06) Beowulf’s life was predestined. Beowulf defeated nine sea creatures and lived to see another day.
Destiny is the outcome of predetermined events by the power of agency. Destiny comes full circle with an outcome. Beowulf reaches his destinations from closure of another path and
Bozeman
started a new beginning. “He knew the sea, would point the prow straight to that Danish shore….” (Raffel 1-14) Beowulf was supposed to sail to Denmark to aid King Hrothgar. Destiny led Beowulf to Denmark, which started a new outset from the omens, and Geats in Sweden. Throughout Beowulf, Beowulf was known as the Geats great Prince. Over the years, Beowulf became king of the Geats. “King and his greatness, his glory, praising him for heroic deeds, for a life as noble as his name.” (Raffel 8-84) Beowulf sacrificed life for greatness, recognition and respect as a Geat warrior. People began to follow Beowulf, once worthiness was proven. After ending successful voyages over time, Beowulf started a new path as king, which led to his final destination after the last battle, death. Beowulf died as the greatest king whose personality was open to the people of Denmark who would come to praise him.
Fame, fate and destiny were all key elements in the epic, Beowulf. Beowulf began and ended a great Geat warrior well known for his heroic actions. Beowulf reached his destination through fame and fate. Fate drove Beowulf to become famous which led him to his destiny of the greatest king ever. Beowulf considered other peoples` well being instead of his own. Even after Beowulf’s death, people praised, cherished and would forever remember the bravest Geat warrior.
Mind that the sample papers like Fame, Fate and Destiny presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
English Studies – That Eye, the Sky
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like English Studies – That Eye, the Sky even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like English Studies – That Eye, the Sky in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
‘A text can show that adversity makes people care more for themselves than for others.’ To what extent is this statement true for the novel?
Selfishness is a common trait amongst mankind � whether outwardly visible or not. Appearances can be deceiving; even the most seemingly selfless people often act as they do solely for personal gain, albeit if only for the satisfaction of helping someone out. Sometimes I speculate over the source of this; is it merely human nature or does our natural instinct for survival manifest itself through adversity? In the novel ‘That Eye, the Sky’ Tim Winton expresses his opinion on the subject. However as those who ponder over the matter soon discover, there is no simple black or white answer. Consequently I can only comment on the extent to which the statement ‘adversity makes people care more for themselves than for others’ applies to the novel.
Tegwyn’s actions are extremely selfish and her disregard for everyone but herself is obvious throughout the novel. Although it was never stated, Tim Winton implies that her rough, angry manner was born from pain produced by insecurity. As a result, the reader often responds to her sympathetically despite her behaviour. In herself she is not a bad person and this is shown through lapses in her brutal conduct. For example when she gathers flowers and arranges them over Sam we see a softer, loving side of her. Tegwyn is a simmering cauldron of conflicting and consequently damaging emotions even before her father’s accident. It appears to me that the hardship that followed was not the cause of her selfishness, but rather, the event that made the cauldron erupt and spill over. In Sam’s absence the family needed her so in her failure to help, her self-centredness became apparent. Therefore, the answer we are seeking lies in her behaviour preceding the accident.
As previously discussed, Tegwyn’s insecurity seems to be the source of her selfishness. Taking this into account, the real question is whether or not insecurity is an adversity. In my opinion insecurity in itself is not an adversity although, subsequent events may result in hardship. Hence insecurity inadvertently leads to adversity per se. Accordingly, Tim Winton seems to concur with the statement in this discussion. However if we look instead at Ort, we see a different view. Very rarely throughout the book do we see Ort doing anything that diverges with the desires of anyone else. He seems to be content with conceding to others’ wishes. The few exceptions are caused by ignorance or choosing between two conflicting sides. For example when he fights with Fat he decides to defend his family, thus following their wishes.
It is possible to argue that Ort is so compliant because he is a pacifist and simply wants to keep the peace. That would mean that his behaviour is for his own benefit and comfort rather than that of others. However what action is not based on a person’s own desire? Even a person who donates money to charity does so of their own freewill for the gratifying feeling of generosity or usefulness that it brings. Look at Henry for example. He came to the Flack family with an offer of aid and for a time, he did indeed help them. His value is acknowledged when Ort comments on how difficult it is to move Sam without Henry’s assistance when he is away or ill. Nevertheless Winton implied that Henry served them in an attempt at redemption to relieve him from the guilt of his prior actions, and thus, for his own sake. This is made obvious when he says to Sam “…I want to heal you, Sam Flack. You will save me, Sam. Your healing will heal me…” The fact that everyone exercises this form of self-gratification dilutes the argument thus, causing us to discount it as invalid.
Another argument is that Ort is not quite ‘right’ in the head and thus we cannot include him in our reasoning. To counter this we will simply introduce another character for consideration Alice.
Alice can be described as honest, blunt, determined and perhaps a little dull. Her family (of which she is fiercely protective) is her highest priority. Sam’s unfortunate accident is a catalyst that threatens to tear her family apart. Winton makes it clear that she feels hopeless. An illustration of this is when she gets extremely angry at Henry and says “…Are you gunna fix him up? What right have you got?” as it is uncharacteristic of her to have a short temper and thus, shows her immense distress. However she struggles on despite the difficulty. Her love seems to be unconditional as only a parent’s can be especially in regard to Tegwyn. For example when they are in the middle of an argument she gives her a hug and tells her that she loves her. Alice pours herself entirely into her family. In this matter the hardship has no effect except perhaps to enhance her efforts. However in her attempt to hold her family together, the opportunity to help those outside it is disintegrated and those she viewed as detrimental to her family’s well being were attacked without any attempt at understanding (eg The Cherry family). Therefore the statement is true to some measure concerning Alice.
There are many other characters to take into account however I believe we have covered a sufficient range to form a decision. Considering all aspects, it is impossible to come to any conclusive judgment but by eliminating some arguments, we have managed to reach a more decisive answer. Over this deliberation we have discovered that to some extent the statement does apply to the novel. Yet, the interpretation of the degree of its accuracy varies for each individual, as we are just that � individual � and thus, unique in our responses.
Mind that the sample papers like English Studies – That Eye, the Sky presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
‘A text can show that adversity makes people care more for themselves than for others.’ To what extent is this statement true for the novel?
Selfishness is a common trait amongst mankind � whether outwardly visible or not. Appearances can be deceiving; even the most seemingly selfless people often act as they do solely for personal gain, albeit if only for the satisfaction of helping someone out. Sometimes I speculate over the source of this; is it merely human nature or does our natural instinct for survival manifest itself through adversity? In the novel ‘That Eye, the Sky’ Tim Winton expresses his opinion on the subject. However as those who ponder over the matter soon discover, there is no simple black or white answer. Consequently I can only comment on the extent to which the statement ‘adversity makes people care more for themselves than for others’ applies to the novel.
Tegwyn’s actions are extremely selfish and her disregard for everyone but herself is obvious throughout the novel. Although it was never stated, Tim Winton implies that her rough, angry manner was born from pain produced by insecurity. As a result, the reader often responds to her sympathetically despite her behaviour. In herself she is not a bad person and this is shown through lapses in her brutal conduct. For example when she gathers flowers and arranges them over Sam we see a softer, loving side of her. Tegwyn is a simmering cauldron of conflicting and consequently damaging emotions even before her father’s accident. It appears to me that the hardship that followed was not the cause of her selfishness, but rather, the event that made the cauldron erupt and spill over. In Sam’s absence the family needed her so in her failure to help, her self-centredness became apparent. Therefore, the answer we are seeking lies in her behaviour preceding the accident.
As previously discussed, Tegwyn’s insecurity seems to be the source of her selfishness. Taking this into account, the real question is whether or not insecurity is an adversity. In my opinion insecurity in itself is not an adversity although, subsequent events may result in hardship. Hence insecurity inadvertently leads to adversity per se. Accordingly, Tim Winton seems to concur with the statement in this discussion. However if we look instead at Ort, we see a different view. Very rarely throughout the book do we see Ort doing anything that diverges with the desires of anyone else. He seems to be content with conceding to others’ wishes. The few exceptions are caused by ignorance or choosing between two conflicting sides. For example when he fights with Fat he decides to defend his family, thus following their wishes.
It is possible to argue that Ort is so compliant because he is a pacifist and simply wants to keep the peace. That would mean that his behaviour is for his own benefit and comfort rather than that of others. However what action is not based on a person’s own desire? Even a person who donates money to charity does so of their own freewill for the gratifying feeling of generosity or usefulness that it brings. Look at Henry for example. He came to the Flack family with an offer of aid and for a time, he did indeed help them. His value is acknowledged when Ort comments on how difficult it is to move Sam without Henry’s assistance when he is away or ill. Nevertheless Winton implied that Henry served them in an attempt at redemption to relieve him from the guilt of his prior actions, and thus, for his own sake. This is made obvious when he says to Sam “…I want to heal you, Sam Flack. You will save me, Sam. Your healing will heal me…” The fact that everyone exercises this form of self-gratification dilutes the argument thus, causing us to discount it as invalid.
Another argument is that Ort is not quite ‘right’ in the head and thus we cannot include him in our reasoning. To counter this we will simply introduce another character for consideration Alice.
Alice can be described as honest, blunt, determined and perhaps a little dull. Her family (of which she is fiercely protective) is her highest priority. Sam’s unfortunate accident is a catalyst that threatens to tear her family apart. Winton makes it clear that she feels hopeless. An illustration of this is when she gets extremely angry at Henry and says “…Are you gunna fix him up? What right have you got?” as it is uncharacteristic of her to have a short temper and thus, shows her immense distress. However she struggles on despite the difficulty. Her love seems to be unconditional as only a parent’s can be especially in regard to Tegwyn. For example when they are in the middle of an argument she gives her a hug and tells her that she loves her. Alice pours herself entirely into her family. In this matter the hardship has no effect except perhaps to enhance her efforts. However in her attempt to hold her family together, the opportunity to help those outside it is disintegrated and those she viewed as detrimental to her family’s well being were attacked without any attempt at understanding (eg The Cherry family). Therefore the statement is true to some measure concerning Alice.
There are many other characters to take into account however I believe we have covered a sufficient range to form a decision. Considering all aspects, it is impossible to come to any conclusive judgment but by eliminating some arguments, we have managed to reach a more decisive answer. Over this deliberation we have discovered that to some extent the statement does apply to the novel. Yet, the interpretation of the degree of its accuracy varies for each individual, as we are just that � individual � and thus, unique in our responses.
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