Density

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Densities


By Tabinda Zaheer


Chemistry Lab Report


Do my coursework


Introduction


Density is the amount of a substance contained within a specific area. In Chemistry and physics, density is the ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume, and is calculated by dividing the mass by the volume. Density is often expressed in units such as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm) or pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft).


The density of a substance can vary under different conditions. Substances expand and contract as their temperature changes, and as a result their density also changes. Precise measurements of density include the temperature due to this.


Density can be measured in a number of ways. Solid objects can be weighed to determine their mass and then immersed in a liquid to determine their volume. The volume of liquid displaced by the object is equal to the object’s volume, and the mass divided by the volume is its density.


The density of a liquid may be determined similarly. The liquid’s mass can be found by first weighing an empty container, then weighing the container with the liquid in it, and then subtracting the empty weight from the full weight. The liquid’s volume may be determined by instruments similar to the transparent measuring cups used in cooking.


Gases may be weighed in airtight containers of known volume and weight. Since gases are more sensitive to changes in temperature and pressure than are liquids or solids, the temperature and pressure must be included in any measurement of the density of a gas.


Volume in Mathematics is the amount of space occupied by a solid figure. Volume is measured in terms of cubic units, such as cubic inches or cubic feet in the English system of weights and measures, and in cubic centimeters or cubic meters in the Metric system. Volume may also be expressed in liquid or dry measures as liters and bushels.


Mass is the quantity of matter. Mass is the amount of matter in something, the measure of an objects inertia. Mass is related to an objects inertia but it is also related to how much objects are attracted to the earth. In the Metric system mass is measured in kilograms and grams and these are the units most often in use. In the United States the British system of measurement is still in use.


Objective


Our objective was to find the different masses, volumes, and densities of three separate substances. Theses substances were stones, magnets, and seawater. After finding the masses, volumes, and densities, we had to calculate how our experiment related to actual data concerning the densities of these substances.


Materials


1. balances electronic balances and triple beam balances


. measuring cylinders / volumetric cylinders


. water


4. sample of solids


a) stones


b) magnets


5. sample of seawater


6. paper


7. pencil


Procedure





(I) mass of solid samples


a) Take solid sample # 1 and label it


b) Take measuring cylinder and measure it on e-beam


c) Take solid # 1 and weigh it in the cylinder on the electronic balances


d) Subtract the weight of the cylinder from the total weight obtained to get mass of solid # 1


c) Take solid sample # and label it


d) Take measuring cylinder and measure it on e-beam


e) Take solid # and weigh it in the cylinder on the electronic balances


f) Subtract the weight of the cylinder from the total weight obtained to get mass of solid #


(II) volume of solid samples


Indirect Water Displacement Method � Fill a measuring cylinder to a designated amount and drop the solids into the cylinder. Subtract the volume of the designated amount of water from the total value the cylinder shows after the solid has been dropped in. Thus, the volume of the solid is obtained.


a) Take solid # 1 and use the Indirect Water Displacement Method to obtain the volume.


b) Take solid # and use the Indirect Water Displacement Method to obtain the volume.


(III) Density


a) Take solid # 1’s mass and divide it by its volume to obtain density.


b) Take solid # ’s mass and divide it by its volume to obtain density


(IV) Liquid Sample


a) Weigh the cylinder


b) Weigh the liquid in the cylinder on the electron beam


c) Subtract the weight of the cylinder from the total weight to obtain the weight of the liquid sample


d) Observe the volume of liquid in the measuring cylinder


e) Calculate density by dividing the mass of the liquid sample by its volume


DATA


Solid # 1 = stones


Mass = 4.808 grams


Volume = 1.5 cm


Density = . g/cm


Solid # = magnets


Mass = 4.575 grams


Volume = 1. cm


Density = .8 g/cm


Liquid # 1 = seawater


Mass = 40.1 grams


Volume = 40 ml


Density = 1.0 g/cm


Results


The mass of the stones (which were 10 pebbles) was 4.808 grams. The volume of the stones was 1.5 cm. Density was obtained by dividing the mass (4.808 g) by the volume (1.5 cm), which turned out to be . g/cm.


The mass of the magnets (10 pieces) was 4.575 grams. The volume of the magnets turned out to be 1. cm. The density was once again obtained by dividing the mass by the volume (4.575/1.) , which turned out to be .8 g/cm.


The mass of the seawater was 40.1 grams and the volume was 40 ml. Density of the seawater turned out to be 1.0 g/cm (40.1/40 g / cm).


Error %


Stones � .6 g/cm


(.6 � .) / .6 100 = -0.6


-0.6/.6 = -0.076 = -0.


-0. 100 = -0


magnets � 7.87


(7.87 � .8) / 7.87 100 = 4.07 = 4.1


4.1 / 7.87 = 0.5065 = .5


.5 100 = 5


seawater = 1.06


(1.06 � 1) / 1.06 100 = .06 = .1


.1 / 1.06 = 0.04 = .1


.1 100 = 10


Conclusion


After following through on the procedure, we managed to obtain all the masses, volumes, and densities of the different samples. The stones and the magnets ended up having very close masses and volumes and were inversely proportional. The stones had more mass then the magnets but ended up being less dense. The magnets on the other hand had a lower mass but were greater in density from the stones by .6 percent.


The seawater ended up with a density of 1.0 g/cm. This was very close to the actual density given in the error percentage table where the density of seawater was written as 1.06 g/cm.


Thus, the results of our experiment were pretty close to being accurate.


References


Density, Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 00


http//encarta.msn.com � 17-00 Microsoft Corporation.


Grolier Encyclopedia Copyright � 00 Grolier Incorporated.


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