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You know the question that comes out of every parents mouth 1,000 times a day. No, its not Why cant you leave your sister (or brother) alone? Its not Why is the dog wearing your baseball hat? or even What is your homework doing all bunched up at the bottom of your backpack?! Its Did you wash your hands?
Why are adults so hung up on hand washing? Why are they so in love with lather?
Washing your hands is the best way to stop germs from spreading. Think about all the things that you touched today - from your telephone to the toilet, your sweaty T-shirt to your slimy tissue. Even though you cant see them, many things that you touch every day are covered with germs. When you have germs on your hands, you can pass them to other people without even knowing it and make them sick. Or those same germs can make you sick by hitching a ride into your body each time you touch your food or put your hands in your mouth, or rub your nose or your eyes. Think about how many foods you eat with your hands every day. The most important thing that you can do to keep from getting sick is to wash your hands. By frequently washing your hands you wash away germs that you have picked up from other people, or from contaminated surfaces, or from animals and animal waste. You can also spread germs directly to others or onto surfaces that other people touch, and before you know it, everybody around you is getting sick.
The important thing to remember is that, in addition to colds, some pretty serious diseases -- like hepatitis A, meningitis, and infectious diarrhea -- can easily be prevented if people make a habit of washing their hands.
When should you wash your hands?
You should wash your hands often. Probably more often than you do now because you cant see germs with the naked eye or smell them, so you do not really know where they are hiding. It is especially important to wash your hands before, during, and after you prepare food. Before you eat, and after you use the bathroom are other times you should wash your hands. You should also wash your hands after handling animals (or animal waste), when your hands are dirty, and more frequently when someone in your home is sick.
What is the correct way to wash your hands?
• First wet your hands preferably with warm water. Apply liquid or clean bar soap. Place the bar soap on a rack and allow it to drain. Use whatever soap you like. Some soaps come in cool shapes and colors or smell nice, but whatever kind gets you scrubbing is the kind you should use. Antibacterial soaps are OK to use, but theyre not necessary for getting rid of germs.
• Next rub your hands vigorously together and scrub all surfaces. Work up some lather on both sides of your hands, your wrists, and between your fingers. Dont forget to wash around your nails - germs favorite finger hideaway.
• Continue for 10 - 15 seconds or about the length of a little tune. It is the soap combined with the scrubbing action that helps dislodge and remove germs.
• Rinse and dry well with a clean towel..
It is estimated that one out of three people do not wash their hands after using the restroom. So these tips are also important when you are out in public. When using a public restroom you can dispense paper towels before you wash your hands. When finished, dry your hands with the pre-dispensed towel. Then use it to turn off the water and open the door before discarding it into the waste basket.
After listening to my speech I hope you now have a better understanding of how to wash your hands and ways this process is beneficial. Washing your hands regularly can certainly save a lot on medical bills. Because it costs less than a penny, you could say that this pennys worth of prevention can save you a $50 visit to the doctor.
Mind that the sample papers like How To Wash Your Hands presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, 12 July 2012
EventsLeading Up To The Establishment Of the State Of Isreal
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One cannot discuss the Arab-Israeli conflict without first examining the events leading up to the establishment of the State of Israel. These events will thus be discussed in this section.
Although Jews have, over the eighteen centuries since the Roman Exile, maintained a constant presence (albeit small) in the Land of Israel, the modern concept of Zionism � which led to the formation of the State of Israel � has its roots in nineteenth century Europe. There, Jews experienced the political and scientific renaissance known as the Emancipation, which gave Jews the chance to break their general isolation from the day-to-day affairs of the countries in which they resided. Many Jews adopted the ethno-nationalist political ideology that was developing in Europe at the time and set up moshavim � communities which were financed largely by Baron Edmund de Rothschild of Paris � and socialist communes (called kibbutzim) in Israel, their ancient homeland. The first wave of Jews who were so inclined arrived in Israel (then known as Palestine) in 188, in what is known as the First Aliyah (going up the way Jews describe their immigration to the Holy Land).
Other Jews assimilated into their host countries. One such Jew was Theodor Herzl, a Hungarian-born reporter. Although he was fully assimilated into European society, Herzl’s life and worldview changed dramatically in 185, when he covered the court martial of Captain Alfred Dreyfus. The court martial resulted from the French intelligence services’ discovery of a secret military document that had been transmitted from a French officer to the military attach� of the German Embassy in Paris. Although evidence seemed to indicate that the actual traitor was Major Ferdinand Walsin Ester hazy, a Hungarian who had connections to the Germans, the French military establishment refused to believe that Ester hazy was guilty. Instead, they blamed Dreyfus, primarily because he was a Jew, which made him, in the eyes of the French military, a likely traitor. On January 5, 185, following a secret court martial, Dreyfus was public ally demoted and exiled for life to Devil’s Island, near South America.
At the public demotion ceremony, Herzl heard many anti-Semitic epithets being uttered by members of the crowd, including Death to the Jews. Herzl came to the conclusion that, no matter how much the Jews assimilated into their host countries, they would always be persecuted. The only solution, Herzl believed, would be the exodus of Jews from these countries to a specifically Jewish country. Although he died in 104, decades before the formation of the State of Israel, the state owes its existence in large part to Herzl’s ideas.
Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, Jewish immigration to Israel continued. The climactic event of this period, however, took place not in Israel but rather in Nazi Germany, in which millions of Jews, forced to remain in Germany because they had nowhere else to go, perished in the Holocaust. The Holocaust was such a powerful demonstration of Herzl’s reasons for setting up a Jewish country being taken to their logical extreme that that Jewish country, the State of Israel, was declared just three years following the end of World War II, on May 14, 148.
World War II
The events of World War II had a major impact on the future State of Israel. From an Israeli perspective, the most significant event of World War II was the Holocaust.
Just prior to the Holocaust, many Jews tried to escape from Germany. Many attempted to get into the United States, but they were turned down. The same thing happened in other countries. As a result, they were forced to return and eventually perished in the Death Camps. Others tried to immigrate to Israel (Palestine), but the British (who had were in charge of a Mandate government in the region) purposely instituted policies that made it quite difficult for many Jews to immigrate to Israel.
In 1, the British government put forth a new White Paper in an attempt to appease the local Arab population. Among other things, the White Paper of 1 put significant restrictions on the numbers of Jews who would be allowed to immigrate to Israel; for all intents and purposes the White Paper closed the gates to Jewish immigration.
Jews living in Israel thus faced a serious dilemma on the one hand, they wanted to assist the British in their efforts to fight the Nazis in Europe; on the other hand, however, they wanted to fight the British efforts in Israel to prevent Jewish immigration. This love/hate attitude toward the British was best summed up by future Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion - at the time, the Chairman of the Jewish Agency Executive We will fight Hitler as if no White Paper existed and we will fight the White Paper as if Hitler did not exist. Thus, Jews would assist the British in Europe, but they would reserve a right to fight against the British in Israel.
One of the most famous Jews who fought in Europe was Hanna Senesh, an immigrant from Hungary who came to Israel in 1. Although she enrolled in the Nahalal Agricultural School and intended to become a farmer on a kibbutz, history had other plans for her. Just a few short years after her arrival in Israel, Senesh - along with the rest of the world - began to learn of the Nazi Holocaust back in Europe. She soon volunteered to serve in an elite unit of Jewish paratroopers. After undergoing grueling commando training, Senesh was chosen, along with 1 other volunteers, to parachute into Europe to fight the Nazis head-on.
In January 144, she parachuted into Yugoslavia and crossed into Hungary. Unfortunately, Hungarian Partisans, known for their anti-Semitism, caught her. The Partisans turned her over to the Nazis. For five months, she was held in a Gestapo jail in Budapest, where she was severely tortured. As hard as they tried, however, the Nazis could not break her. Finally, on November 7, 144, Senesh was executed by a firing squad; she refused to be blindfolded. Hanah Senesh was reburied in Jerusalem in 150.
Meanwhile, back in Israel, the majorities of the Irgun (the Jewish National Military Organization, or Irgun Tzvah Leumi - commonly abbreviated Etzel) decided to cease fighting against the British and, instead, assist them in Europe. However, Avraham Stern led a small faction of the Irgun against the British. Stern believed that the war in Europe was so important to the British that they would be more than willing to make concessions to Jews in Israel if this proved necessary. He even negotiated with the Germans and the Italians!
Soon, Stern found it necessary to break with the Irgun altogether. He formed the LEHI (Lochamei Cherut Yisrael - Freedom Fighters of Israel), also known as the Stern Gang. The British did everything possible to track LEHI members. Finally, in 14, the British arrested Stern himself and killed him shortly thereafter. This only served to make Stern a martyr to LEHI members, and their resolve to attack the British was strengthened with Sterns death.
Meanwhile, at about the same time as Sterns death, Irgun leader David Raziel was killed in Iraq while on a mission for the British. He was replaced with future Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin. By 144, it had become clear that the Allies would win the War. Consequently, on February 1, Begin announced that the Irgun was resuming its fight against the British.
As the world outside of Germany began to learn the gruesome details of the Holocaust, the Jews of Israel increased their pressure on the British to rescind the White Paper and allow Holocaust survivors to come to Israel. The British, however, refused to cooperate. As a result, the struggle against the British intensified - especially from the LEHI, whose members considered any British policeman or soldier a legitimate target.
With more and more British being killed in Israel, the people of the United Kingdom increased their demands that the British pull out of Israel altogether. The British finally gave up, returning the Mandate for Palestine to the United Nations in 147.
For many Jews, the events of World War II underscored the need for a safe haven for Jews, so that they would never again be without a place to flee from anti-Semitism in the Diaspora. Consequently, the State of Israel was founded in 148, just three years after World War II ended.
The Arab-Israel Conflict Prior to the State of Israel’s Establishment
After World War I, the League of Nations gave France and the United Kingdom control of the region that had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire France was given Lebanon and Syria, while the UK was given Iraq and Palestine (modern-day Israel � including Gaza and the West Bank � and Jordan). The stated reason for the French and British presence was to prepare the regions in question for independence.
In Palestine, the Jewish population was increasing rapidly. Under the leadership of future Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, large tracts of land were purchased from Arabs, many of who resided abroad. Alarmed at their ever-shrinking majority, the Arabs in Palestine began to take defensive measures. Palestinian Arab nationalist organizations were set up, including the Higher Arab Council, which attempted to influence British policy and to counter the activities of the Zionists. Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, tried to garner foreign support for the cessation of Zionist activity and for the conclusion of the British mandate. The British, in an effort to win Arab support, issued several White Papers, which restricted Jewish immigration. Palestinian Jews, however, fought the White Papers by helping European Jews immigrate to Palestine illegally.
The State of Israel’s independence only served to exacerbate the already serious conflict between the Jews and the Arabs. Indeed, as the British were preparing to leave Palestine, both Arabs and Jews were already purchasing arms abroad, in preparation for the war that both sides knew was about to ensue. On April , 148, the Jewish LEHI and Irgun forces attacked Dayr Yasin, a Palestinian village that had signed a non-aggression pact with the far less aggressive Hagana. Many men, women, and children were killed in the ensuing attack, although it is not clear exactly how many were actually killed. It has traditionally been reported that approximately 50 people were killed at Dayr Yasin. This figure is based on the number reported in local newspapers at the time. However, a new study put out by Bir Zeit University puts the number of people killed at a maximum of 10. (See Prusher, Ilene R., Dispute Over 148 Killings Brings Troubled History to Light, Christian Science Monitor, April 6, 18.)
On May 15, 148, the day after Israel was declared an independent state, a military force made up of the combined armies of Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Jordan attacked it. Although few thought it possible, Israel emerged from this war as the victor; by the time the war ended in 14, Israel had acquired parts of the West Bank and northern Palestine - both of which the UN had reserved for the Palestinian Arabs - in addition to the land that had been allocated to Israel. Furthermore, Jordan had acquired the rest of the West Bank and East Jerusalem, and Egypt had acquired the Gaza Strip - all of which had also been reserved for the Palestinians. The two sides under different names thus remember the war Israelis refer to it as the War of Independence, while Palestinian Arabs call it Al Nakba (The Catastrophe).
The Sinai Campaign
In 15, Colonel Gamal Abd al-Nasser seized power in Egypt in a bloodless coup. As a leader, Nasser espoused what has become known as Nasserism, the major goal of which was to unify all Arabs into a single state. Fearing the loss of access to Arabian oil that could ensue if Nasserism spread, the United States and other countries attempted to weaken Nasser. In 156, the U.S. retracted its offer to finance Egypt’s Aswan Dam. In response, Nasser nationalized the strategically important Suez Canal, which had been under British control since 17. In order to help Britain to regain the Canal, the U.K., France, and Israel decided upon a military strategy with French support, the Israelis would attack Egypt, and then a peacekeeping force from France and the U.K. would enter Egypt, thereby ensuring Western control over the region. Although the campaign went according to plan, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. pressured France, Britain, and Israel to withdraw their troops. When the three countries eventually did so, Arabs honored Nasser as a leader who had saved the Arab world.
The Creation of the PLO
Driven by his dream to unite the Arabs into a single nation, Nasser convinced Syria, in 158, to join Egypt in the formation of the United Arab Republic (UAR). However, this success was short-lived three years later, Syria, annoyed by what it saw as Egypt’s domination in the UAR, withdrew from the United Arab Republic. Nonetheless, Nasser continued to be a key player in Arab affairs, and, in 164, he hosted two Arab summits; at one of the summits, the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was born. Based in Egypt, the PLO was to become a key player in Palestinian Arab affairs. Even in the Organization’s infancy, Yasser Arafat, a Palestinian nationalist and the PLO’s future leader, was already the leader of a small PLO faction called FATAH (Opening in Arabic, as in creating an OPENING back to Palestine).
The Six-Day War
Soon after its creation, the PLO began to sponsor attacks on Israel from several fronts. Israel retaliated by attacking Palestinian refugee camps on all the fronts from which the PLO attacks were launched, including Israel’s northern border, which served to exacerbate Israel’s already tense relations with Syria. Finally, in April 167, the Syrian and Israeli air forces fought one another. On May , Nasser blockaded the Straits of Tiran, even though Israeli Prime Minister Levi Eshkol had warned him that such an act would be viewed as an act of war. With the atmosphere of war once again developing, Iraq, Syria, and Jordan sent their respective troops to the Israeli borders.
On June 5, Israel launched a successful preemptive strike against Egyptian air fields in Sinai, effectively destroying the entire Egyptian air force while the latter’s planes were still on the ground. Although Eshkol attempted to convince Jordan’s King Hussein to refrain from involving Jordan in the war, the former was unsuccessful. As a result, Jordan lost East Jerusalem to Israel on June 7.
Attack on the USS Liberty
On June 8, the Israeli military attacked the U.S. Intelligence ship USS Liberty. In the attack, which lasted for 75 minutes, thirty-four American personnel on board the Liberty lost their lives; 171 others were wounded. Israel says its soldiers mistook the Liberty for the Egyptian horse carrier El Quseir. Proponents of this view point out that the United States was Israels only ally; thus, it would have been very much against Israels interest to attack an American vessel. They also emphasize that, although the U.S. flag was clearly visible from the Liberty, and it was a bright, sunny day, mistakes such as these are not uncommon in military engagements. For example, in April 14, the U.S. Air Force accidentally shot down two U.S. Black Hawk helicopters in the No-Fly Zone in Iraq, despite the fact that both Black Hawks had large U.S. flags painted on each side.
However, according to others, the attack on the Liberty was no accident. Proponents of this view emphasize that the U.S. flag was clearly visible from the ship, as mentioned above. They also point out that the El Quseir was significantly smaller than the Liberty, making it difficult to mistake one for the other. Additionally, they say that Israel attacked the Liberty in order to prevent a leakage of information about Israels plans to attack the Golan Heights. According to Admiral Thomas Moorer, Israel was preparing to seize the Golan Heights from Syria despite President Johnsons known opposition to such a move.... I believe Moshe Dayan [, the Israeli Minister of Defense,] concluded that he could prevent Washington from becoming aware of what Israel was up to by destroying the primary source of acquiring that information - the USS Liberty. (See The Link, July-August 17.)
The War Comes to An End
The following day, on June , a cease-fire was signed. All sides involved in the conflict agreed to its terms, and the Six-Day War was concluded.
UN Security Council Resolution 4
Israel had gained a great deal of land in the Six-Day War from Jordan, it had gained East Jerusalem, which was quickly annexed into the capital city of West Jerusalem, and the West Bank; from Syria, it had gained the Golan Heights, and from Egypt, it had gained the Gaza Strip and the entire Sinai Peninsula. In response, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 4 on November , 167. Resolution 4 demanded the Withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict [the Six-Day War] and the Termination of all claims or states of belligerency and respect for and acknowledgement of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every State in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force (i.e., the recognition of the State of Israel by its neighbors). Resolution 4 was not immediately implemented.
UN Security Council Resolution 4
Israel had gained a great deal of land in the Six-Day War from Jordan, it had gained East Jerusalem, which was quickly annexed into the capital city of West Jerusalem, and the West Bank; from Syria, it had gained the Golan Heights, and from Egypt, it had gained the Gaza Strip and the entire Sinai Peninsula. In response, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 4 on November , 167. Resolution 4 demanded the Withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict [the Six-Day War] and the Termination of all claims or states of belligerency and respect for and acknowledgement of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every State in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force (i.e., the recognition of the State of Israel by its neighbors). Resolution 4 was not immediately implemented.
The Yom Kippur War
A war Sadat, Nasser’s successor, came to power in an Egypt that had serious financial troubles, not the least of which were those brought about by the country’s defeat in the Six-Day War. The Sinai oil fields appeared to be a way to alleviate these troubles, but Israel had captured the Sinai Peninsula in 167. Concluding that negotiation with Israel was not an option, Sadat prepared to attack Israel.
On October 6, 17, Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel. The day was well chosen, for it was Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), the holiest day in the Jewish calendar, and the Israelis were thus quite unprepared for war. For the first three days of the war, the Israelis seemed to have been defeated. However, the U.S. provided Israel with military aid, and, over the course of the next few weeks, the Israelis succeeded in pushing back the Syrians and the Egyptians.
On October , the UN Security Council passed Resolution 8. According to the Resolution, The Security Council (1) Calls upon all parties to present fighting to cease all firing and terminate all military activity immediately… () Calls upon all parties concerned to start immediately after the cease-fire the implementation of Security Council Resolution 4 (167) in all of its parts; () Decided that, immediately and concurrently with the cease-fire, negotiations start between the parties concerned under appropriate auspices aimed at establishing a just and durable peace in the Middle East. However, the peace negotiations demanded by Resolution 8 would not begin for a little under a decade.
The Yom Kippur War formally ended with the Sinai I and II agreements, negotiated by U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissenger. In accordance with the agreements, Israel returned a great deal of the Sinai to Egypt.
The PLO Becomes the Representative of the Palestinian People
King Hussein was dealt a major blow when the Arab League, in October of 174, declared that the PLO, not Jordan, was the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. Although he was reluctant to accept the Arab League’s declaration, Hussein eventually did so, likely influenced by the fact that twenty other Arab states had already agreed to grant the PLO representation in the League. A month later, the UN General Assembly gave the PLO observer status in the United Nations.
Peace Achieved Between Israel and Egypt
On November 1, 177, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat visited Jerusalem and spoke at the Israeli parliament, the Knesset, emphasizing the need for Israeli peace with Egypt and the Palestinians (i.e., through the creation of a Palestinian state). On September 17, 178, a peace treaty was signed between Israel and Egypt at Camp David, in the United States. Known as the Camp David Accords, the treaty states that [T] he parties are determined to reach a just, comprehensive, and durable settlement of the Middle East conflict through the conclusion of peace treaties based on Security Council resolutions 4 and 8 in all their parts. It is interesting to note that the Accords assume from the outset that Israel will eventually sign peace treaties with Jordan and the Palestinians and thus involve the latter two sides in future negotiations. For example, negotiations regarding the establishment of a self-governing administrative council in the West Bank and Gaza are to be conducted among Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and the elected representatives of the inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza [i.e., the Palestinians].
In January of 180, Israel and Egypt formally established diplomatic relations. Some Egyptians were greatly upset by this change in Egypt’s political direction, notably members of the then-unknown Organization of Liberation of Egypt. On October 6, 181, three Egyptian soldiers assassinated Sadat; the Organization claimed responsibility. A week later, Hosni Mubarak became president of Egypt, vowing to continue Sadat’s policies. A year later, in accordance with the Camp David Accords, Israel withdrew from the entire Sinai Peninsula, with the exception of Taba, next to the Israeli resort city of Eilat. Finally, in 18, Israel withdrew from Taba. The Hilton Hotel, which had been built in Israeli Taba, remains in use to this day in Egyptian Taba. After Egypt regained Taba, a casino was added to the Hilton.
Peace Between Israel and PLO
On September 1, 1, Israel signed a Declaration of Principles with the PLO, thereby officially (although not necessarily de facto) putting an end to hostilities between the two sides. The Declaration of Principles set up transitional PLO jurisdiction in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and began a five-year transitional period at the end of which Israel would withdraw from Gaza and Jericho. The Declaration also stipulated that permanent status negotiations were to commence three years later over such issues as the final status of Jerusalem � which both Israel and the Palestinians claimed as a capital � Palestinian refugees, Jewish settlements in the West Bank and Gaza, security arrangements, borders, relations and cooperation with other neighbors, and other issues of common interest. According to Annex IV, Part B, Item 8, The Regional Economic Development Program [to be set up between Israel and the PLO] may consist of… [a] Regional Tourism, Transportation, and Telecommunications Development Plan.
On August , 14, Israel and the PLO signed the Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities. According to Article II, Item 1, Israel shall transfer and the Palestinian Authority shall assume powers and responsibilities from the Israeli military government and its Civil Administration in the West Bank in the following spheres education and culture, health, social welfare, tourism, direct taxation and Value Added Tax on local production…. According to Annex IV, which is entitled Protocol Concerning Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities in the Sphere of Tourism, Israel was to hand over responsibility for tourism in Palestinian areas to the Palestinian Authority (PA). The Annex covers tourism activities conducted by private, public, non-governmental and foreign bodies. The Annex also states The tourism authorities of Israel and the Palestinian Authority shall promote and encourage tourism to the region for the benefit of both sides. Thus, travel companies authorized by the PA were allowed to conduct tours that included Israel in their packages, and clearly marked tourist vehicles originating in PA-controlled areas were allowed to proceed into Israel.
Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty
On October 6, 14, King Hussein’s dream of establishing peace with Israel became a reality. The treaty was especially relevant for tourism. According to Annex V, the Israeli/Jordanian border is to be open in both directions for Israelis, Jordanians, and third country nationals. Existing arrangements are to remain in place for Muslim Israelis who cross into Jordan in transit to Saudi Arabia (which has yet to recognize the State of Israel) for Muslim pilgrimages. Also, border-crossing points are to be open from 800 AM to 60 PM (but closed on Yom Kippur and on the first day of the Muslim Al Hijrah calendar). By contrast, Israel’s widely used Eilat/Taba border is open 4 hours, thus making it far more comfortable and convenient for tourists to cross the border between Israel and Egypt than the border between Israel and Jordan.
Although very little was done in the way of land transfers, one particular transfer is worth mentioning the area on the northern Jordanian/Israeli border known in Israel as Naharayim and in Jordan as Baqura, some of which came under Jordanian sovereignty. Israeli landowners, however, along with their employees and guests, were permitted to go in and out as often as they wished, with no customs or immigration restrictions of any kind. In a very unusual move, the Annex declares that, while the land is under Jordanian sovereignty, the Israeli police department has jurisdiction over incidents solely involving the [Israeli] landowners, their invitees or employees. Further, Jordanian law does not apply to activities in which only Israelis are involved. Land purchases by non-Israelis, however, can only be done with Jordanian approval.
The Naharayim/Baqura region is known for its beautiful nature trails. The peace treaty is thus important in that it eases access to the area for tourists coming from both Jordan and Israel. According to an account by Haim Shapiro, During a recent tour of the site… we entered the Jordanian area without visas, having only registered our Israeli identity cards with the Israeli police post. A Jordanian officer briefly boarded our bus and in fluent Hebrew asked whether he could wish us Shabbat Shalom even if it was only noon Friday. As we toured the area in our Israeli bus, a Jordanian bus entered the area from the other side. The passengers in each waved to each other. (Haim Shapiro, Day Tripper Down by the Riverside, The Jerusalem Post, March 1, 17.)
Mind that the sample papers like EventsLeading Up To The Establishment Of the State Of Isreal presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
One cannot discuss the Arab-Israeli conflict without first examining the events leading up to the establishment of the State of Israel. These events will thus be discussed in this section.
Although Jews have, over the eighteen centuries since the Roman Exile, maintained a constant presence (albeit small) in the Land of Israel, the modern concept of Zionism � which led to the formation of the State of Israel � has its roots in nineteenth century Europe. There, Jews experienced the political and scientific renaissance known as the Emancipation, which gave Jews the chance to break their general isolation from the day-to-day affairs of the countries in which they resided. Many Jews adopted the ethno-nationalist political ideology that was developing in Europe at the time and set up moshavim � communities which were financed largely by Baron Edmund de Rothschild of Paris � and socialist communes (called kibbutzim) in Israel, their ancient homeland. The first wave of Jews who were so inclined arrived in Israel (then known as Palestine) in 188, in what is known as the First Aliyah (going up the way Jews describe their immigration to the Holy Land).
Other Jews assimilated into their host countries. One such Jew was Theodor Herzl, a Hungarian-born reporter. Although he was fully assimilated into European society, Herzl’s life and worldview changed dramatically in 185, when he covered the court martial of Captain Alfred Dreyfus. The court martial resulted from the French intelligence services’ discovery of a secret military document that had been transmitted from a French officer to the military attach� of the German Embassy in Paris. Although evidence seemed to indicate that the actual traitor was Major Ferdinand Walsin Ester hazy, a Hungarian who had connections to the Germans, the French military establishment refused to believe that Ester hazy was guilty. Instead, they blamed Dreyfus, primarily because he was a Jew, which made him, in the eyes of the French military, a likely traitor. On January 5, 185, following a secret court martial, Dreyfus was public ally demoted and exiled for life to Devil’s Island, near South America.
At the public demotion ceremony, Herzl heard many anti-Semitic epithets being uttered by members of the crowd, including Death to the Jews. Herzl came to the conclusion that, no matter how much the Jews assimilated into their host countries, they would always be persecuted. The only solution, Herzl believed, would be the exodus of Jews from these countries to a specifically Jewish country. Although he died in 104, decades before the formation of the State of Israel, the state owes its existence in large part to Herzl’s ideas.
Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, Jewish immigration to Israel continued. The climactic event of this period, however, took place not in Israel but rather in Nazi Germany, in which millions of Jews, forced to remain in Germany because they had nowhere else to go, perished in the Holocaust. The Holocaust was such a powerful demonstration of Herzl’s reasons for setting up a Jewish country being taken to their logical extreme that that Jewish country, the State of Israel, was declared just three years following the end of World War II, on May 14, 148.
World War II
The events of World War II had a major impact on the future State of Israel. From an Israeli perspective, the most significant event of World War II was the Holocaust.
Just prior to the Holocaust, many Jews tried to escape from Germany. Many attempted to get into the United States, but they were turned down. The same thing happened in other countries. As a result, they were forced to return and eventually perished in the Death Camps. Others tried to immigrate to Israel (Palestine), but the British (who had were in charge of a Mandate government in the region) purposely instituted policies that made it quite difficult for many Jews to immigrate to Israel.
In 1, the British government put forth a new White Paper in an attempt to appease the local Arab population. Among other things, the White Paper of 1 put significant restrictions on the numbers of Jews who would be allowed to immigrate to Israel; for all intents and purposes the White Paper closed the gates to Jewish immigration.
Jews living in Israel thus faced a serious dilemma on the one hand, they wanted to assist the British in their efforts to fight the Nazis in Europe; on the other hand, however, they wanted to fight the British efforts in Israel to prevent Jewish immigration. This love/hate attitude toward the British was best summed up by future Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion - at the time, the Chairman of the Jewish Agency Executive We will fight Hitler as if no White Paper existed and we will fight the White Paper as if Hitler did not exist. Thus, Jews would assist the British in Europe, but they would reserve a right to fight against the British in Israel.
One of the most famous Jews who fought in Europe was Hanna Senesh, an immigrant from Hungary who came to Israel in 1. Although she enrolled in the Nahalal Agricultural School and intended to become a farmer on a kibbutz, history had other plans for her. Just a few short years after her arrival in Israel, Senesh - along with the rest of the world - began to learn of the Nazi Holocaust back in Europe. She soon volunteered to serve in an elite unit of Jewish paratroopers. After undergoing grueling commando training, Senesh was chosen, along with 1 other volunteers, to parachute into Europe to fight the Nazis head-on.
In January 144, she parachuted into Yugoslavia and crossed into Hungary. Unfortunately, Hungarian Partisans, known for their anti-Semitism, caught her. The Partisans turned her over to the Nazis. For five months, she was held in a Gestapo jail in Budapest, where she was severely tortured. As hard as they tried, however, the Nazis could not break her. Finally, on November 7, 144, Senesh was executed by a firing squad; she refused to be blindfolded. Hanah Senesh was reburied in Jerusalem in 150.
Meanwhile, back in Israel, the majorities of the Irgun (the Jewish National Military Organization, or Irgun Tzvah Leumi - commonly abbreviated Etzel) decided to cease fighting against the British and, instead, assist them in Europe. However, Avraham Stern led a small faction of the Irgun against the British. Stern believed that the war in Europe was so important to the British that they would be more than willing to make concessions to Jews in Israel if this proved necessary. He even negotiated with the Germans and the Italians!
Soon, Stern found it necessary to break with the Irgun altogether. He formed the LEHI (Lochamei Cherut Yisrael - Freedom Fighters of Israel), also known as the Stern Gang. The British did everything possible to track LEHI members. Finally, in 14, the British arrested Stern himself and killed him shortly thereafter. This only served to make Stern a martyr to LEHI members, and their resolve to attack the British was strengthened with Sterns death.
Meanwhile, at about the same time as Sterns death, Irgun leader David Raziel was killed in Iraq while on a mission for the British. He was replaced with future Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin. By 144, it had become clear that the Allies would win the War. Consequently, on February 1, Begin announced that the Irgun was resuming its fight against the British.
As the world outside of Germany began to learn the gruesome details of the Holocaust, the Jews of Israel increased their pressure on the British to rescind the White Paper and allow Holocaust survivors to come to Israel. The British, however, refused to cooperate. As a result, the struggle against the British intensified - especially from the LEHI, whose members considered any British policeman or soldier a legitimate target.
With more and more British being killed in Israel, the people of the United Kingdom increased their demands that the British pull out of Israel altogether. The British finally gave up, returning the Mandate for Palestine to the United Nations in 147.
For many Jews, the events of World War II underscored the need for a safe haven for Jews, so that they would never again be without a place to flee from anti-Semitism in the Diaspora. Consequently, the State of Israel was founded in 148, just three years after World War II ended.
The Arab-Israel Conflict Prior to the State of Israel’s Establishment
After World War I, the League of Nations gave France and the United Kingdom control of the region that had been liberated from the Ottoman Empire France was given Lebanon and Syria, while the UK was given Iraq and Palestine (modern-day Israel � including Gaza and the West Bank � and Jordan). The stated reason for the French and British presence was to prepare the regions in question for independence.
In Palestine, the Jewish population was increasing rapidly. Under the leadership of future Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, large tracts of land were purchased from Arabs, many of who resided abroad. Alarmed at their ever-shrinking majority, the Arabs in Palestine began to take defensive measures. Palestinian Arab nationalist organizations were set up, including the Higher Arab Council, which attempted to influence British policy and to counter the activities of the Zionists. Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, tried to garner foreign support for the cessation of Zionist activity and for the conclusion of the British mandate. The British, in an effort to win Arab support, issued several White Papers, which restricted Jewish immigration. Palestinian Jews, however, fought the White Papers by helping European Jews immigrate to Palestine illegally.
The State of Israel’s independence only served to exacerbate the already serious conflict between the Jews and the Arabs. Indeed, as the British were preparing to leave Palestine, both Arabs and Jews were already purchasing arms abroad, in preparation for the war that both sides knew was about to ensue. On April , 148, the Jewish LEHI and Irgun forces attacked Dayr Yasin, a Palestinian village that had signed a non-aggression pact with the far less aggressive Hagana. Many men, women, and children were killed in the ensuing attack, although it is not clear exactly how many were actually killed. It has traditionally been reported that approximately 50 people were killed at Dayr Yasin. This figure is based on the number reported in local newspapers at the time. However, a new study put out by Bir Zeit University puts the number of people killed at a maximum of 10. (See Prusher, Ilene R., Dispute Over 148 Killings Brings Troubled History to Light, Christian Science Monitor, April 6, 18.)
On May 15, 148, the day after Israel was declared an independent state, a military force made up of the combined armies of Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Jordan attacked it. Although few thought it possible, Israel emerged from this war as the victor; by the time the war ended in 14, Israel had acquired parts of the West Bank and northern Palestine - both of which the UN had reserved for the Palestinian Arabs - in addition to the land that had been allocated to Israel. Furthermore, Jordan had acquired the rest of the West Bank and East Jerusalem, and Egypt had acquired the Gaza Strip - all of which had also been reserved for the Palestinians. The two sides under different names thus remember the war Israelis refer to it as the War of Independence, while Palestinian Arabs call it Al Nakba (The Catastrophe).
The Sinai Campaign
In 15, Colonel Gamal Abd al-Nasser seized power in Egypt in a bloodless coup. As a leader, Nasser espoused what has become known as Nasserism, the major goal of which was to unify all Arabs into a single state. Fearing the loss of access to Arabian oil that could ensue if Nasserism spread, the United States and other countries attempted to weaken Nasser. In 156, the U.S. retracted its offer to finance Egypt’s Aswan Dam. In response, Nasser nationalized the strategically important Suez Canal, which had been under British control since 17. In order to help Britain to regain the Canal, the U.K., France, and Israel decided upon a military strategy with French support, the Israelis would attack Egypt, and then a peacekeeping force from France and the U.K. would enter Egypt, thereby ensuring Western control over the region. Although the campaign went according to plan, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. pressured France, Britain, and Israel to withdraw their troops. When the three countries eventually did so, Arabs honored Nasser as a leader who had saved the Arab world.
The Creation of the PLO
Driven by his dream to unite the Arabs into a single nation, Nasser convinced Syria, in 158, to join Egypt in the formation of the United Arab Republic (UAR). However, this success was short-lived three years later, Syria, annoyed by what it saw as Egypt’s domination in the UAR, withdrew from the United Arab Republic. Nonetheless, Nasser continued to be a key player in Arab affairs, and, in 164, he hosted two Arab summits; at one of the summits, the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was born. Based in Egypt, the PLO was to become a key player in Palestinian Arab affairs. Even in the Organization’s infancy, Yasser Arafat, a Palestinian nationalist and the PLO’s future leader, was already the leader of a small PLO faction called FATAH (Opening in Arabic, as in creating an OPENING back to Palestine).
The Six-Day War
Soon after its creation, the PLO began to sponsor attacks on Israel from several fronts. Israel retaliated by attacking Palestinian refugee camps on all the fronts from which the PLO attacks were launched, including Israel’s northern border, which served to exacerbate Israel’s already tense relations with Syria. Finally, in April 167, the Syrian and Israeli air forces fought one another. On May , Nasser blockaded the Straits of Tiran, even though Israeli Prime Minister Levi Eshkol had warned him that such an act would be viewed as an act of war. With the atmosphere of war once again developing, Iraq, Syria, and Jordan sent their respective troops to the Israeli borders.
On June 5, Israel launched a successful preemptive strike against Egyptian air fields in Sinai, effectively destroying the entire Egyptian air force while the latter’s planes were still on the ground. Although Eshkol attempted to convince Jordan’s King Hussein to refrain from involving Jordan in the war, the former was unsuccessful. As a result, Jordan lost East Jerusalem to Israel on June 7.
Attack on the USS Liberty
On June 8, the Israeli military attacked the U.S. Intelligence ship USS Liberty. In the attack, which lasted for 75 minutes, thirty-four American personnel on board the Liberty lost their lives; 171 others were wounded. Israel says its soldiers mistook the Liberty for the Egyptian horse carrier El Quseir. Proponents of this view point out that the United States was Israels only ally; thus, it would have been very much against Israels interest to attack an American vessel. They also emphasize that, although the U.S. flag was clearly visible from the Liberty, and it was a bright, sunny day, mistakes such as these are not uncommon in military engagements. For example, in April 14, the U.S. Air Force accidentally shot down two U.S. Black Hawk helicopters in the No-Fly Zone in Iraq, despite the fact that both Black Hawks had large U.S. flags painted on each side.
However, according to others, the attack on the Liberty was no accident. Proponents of this view emphasize that the U.S. flag was clearly visible from the ship, as mentioned above. They also point out that the El Quseir was significantly smaller than the Liberty, making it difficult to mistake one for the other. Additionally, they say that Israel attacked the Liberty in order to prevent a leakage of information about Israels plans to attack the Golan Heights. According to Admiral Thomas Moorer, Israel was preparing to seize the Golan Heights from Syria despite President Johnsons known opposition to such a move.... I believe Moshe Dayan [, the Israeli Minister of Defense,] concluded that he could prevent Washington from becoming aware of what Israel was up to by destroying the primary source of acquiring that information - the USS Liberty. (See The Link, July-August 17.)
The War Comes to An End
The following day, on June , a cease-fire was signed. All sides involved in the conflict agreed to its terms, and the Six-Day War was concluded.
UN Security Council Resolution 4
Israel had gained a great deal of land in the Six-Day War from Jordan, it had gained East Jerusalem, which was quickly annexed into the capital city of West Jerusalem, and the West Bank; from Syria, it had gained the Golan Heights, and from Egypt, it had gained the Gaza Strip and the entire Sinai Peninsula. In response, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 4 on November , 167. Resolution 4 demanded the Withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict [the Six-Day War] and the Termination of all claims or states of belligerency and respect for and acknowledgement of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every State in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force (i.e., the recognition of the State of Israel by its neighbors). Resolution 4 was not immediately implemented.
UN Security Council Resolution 4
Israel had gained a great deal of land in the Six-Day War from Jordan, it had gained East Jerusalem, which was quickly annexed into the capital city of West Jerusalem, and the West Bank; from Syria, it had gained the Golan Heights, and from Egypt, it had gained the Gaza Strip and the entire Sinai Peninsula. In response, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 4 on November , 167. Resolution 4 demanded the Withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict [the Six-Day War] and the Termination of all claims or states of belligerency and respect for and acknowledgement of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every State in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force (i.e., the recognition of the State of Israel by its neighbors). Resolution 4 was not immediately implemented.
The Yom Kippur War
A war Sadat, Nasser’s successor, came to power in an Egypt that had serious financial troubles, not the least of which were those brought about by the country’s defeat in the Six-Day War. The Sinai oil fields appeared to be a way to alleviate these troubles, but Israel had captured the Sinai Peninsula in 167. Concluding that negotiation with Israel was not an option, Sadat prepared to attack Israel.
On October 6, 17, Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel. The day was well chosen, for it was Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), the holiest day in the Jewish calendar, and the Israelis were thus quite unprepared for war. For the first three days of the war, the Israelis seemed to have been defeated. However, the U.S. provided Israel with military aid, and, over the course of the next few weeks, the Israelis succeeded in pushing back the Syrians and the Egyptians.
On October , the UN Security Council passed Resolution 8. According to the Resolution, The Security Council (1) Calls upon all parties to present fighting to cease all firing and terminate all military activity immediately… () Calls upon all parties concerned to start immediately after the cease-fire the implementation of Security Council Resolution 4 (167) in all of its parts; () Decided that, immediately and concurrently with the cease-fire, negotiations start between the parties concerned under appropriate auspices aimed at establishing a just and durable peace in the Middle East. However, the peace negotiations demanded by Resolution 8 would not begin for a little under a decade.
The Yom Kippur War formally ended with the Sinai I and II agreements, negotiated by U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissenger. In accordance with the agreements, Israel returned a great deal of the Sinai to Egypt.
The PLO Becomes the Representative of the Palestinian People
King Hussein was dealt a major blow when the Arab League, in October of 174, declared that the PLO, not Jordan, was the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. Although he was reluctant to accept the Arab League’s declaration, Hussein eventually did so, likely influenced by the fact that twenty other Arab states had already agreed to grant the PLO representation in the League. A month later, the UN General Assembly gave the PLO observer status in the United Nations.
Peace Achieved Between Israel and Egypt
On November 1, 177, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat visited Jerusalem and spoke at the Israeli parliament, the Knesset, emphasizing the need for Israeli peace with Egypt and the Palestinians (i.e., through the creation of a Palestinian state). On September 17, 178, a peace treaty was signed between Israel and Egypt at Camp David, in the United States. Known as the Camp David Accords, the treaty states that [T] he parties are determined to reach a just, comprehensive, and durable settlement of the Middle East conflict through the conclusion of peace treaties based on Security Council resolutions 4 and 8 in all their parts. It is interesting to note that the Accords assume from the outset that Israel will eventually sign peace treaties with Jordan and the Palestinians and thus involve the latter two sides in future negotiations. For example, negotiations regarding the establishment of a self-governing administrative council in the West Bank and Gaza are to be conducted among Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and the elected representatives of the inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza [i.e., the Palestinians].
In January of 180, Israel and Egypt formally established diplomatic relations. Some Egyptians were greatly upset by this change in Egypt’s political direction, notably members of the then-unknown Organization of Liberation of Egypt. On October 6, 181, three Egyptian soldiers assassinated Sadat; the Organization claimed responsibility. A week later, Hosni Mubarak became president of Egypt, vowing to continue Sadat’s policies. A year later, in accordance with the Camp David Accords, Israel withdrew from the entire Sinai Peninsula, with the exception of Taba, next to the Israeli resort city of Eilat. Finally, in 18, Israel withdrew from Taba. The Hilton Hotel, which had been built in Israeli Taba, remains in use to this day in Egyptian Taba. After Egypt regained Taba, a casino was added to the Hilton.
Peace Between Israel and PLO
On September 1, 1, Israel signed a Declaration of Principles with the PLO, thereby officially (although not necessarily de facto) putting an end to hostilities between the two sides. The Declaration of Principles set up transitional PLO jurisdiction in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and began a five-year transitional period at the end of which Israel would withdraw from Gaza and Jericho. The Declaration also stipulated that permanent status negotiations were to commence three years later over such issues as the final status of Jerusalem � which both Israel and the Palestinians claimed as a capital � Palestinian refugees, Jewish settlements in the West Bank and Gaza, security arrangements, borders, relations and cooperation with other neighbors, and other issues of common interest. According to Annex IV, Part B, Item 8, The Regional Economic Development Program [to be set up between Israel and the PLO] may consist of… [a] Regional Tourism, Transportation, and Telecommunications Development Plan.
On August , 14, Israel and the PLO signed the Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities. According to Article II, Item 1, Israel shall transfer and the Palestinian Authority shall assume powers and responsibilities from the Israeli military government and its Civil Administration in the West Bank in the following spheres education and culture, health, social welfare, tourism, direct taxation and Value Added Tax on local production…. According to Annex IV, which is entitled Protocol Concerning Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities in the Sphere of Tourism, Israel was to hand over responsibility for tourism in Palestinian areas to the Palestinian Authority (PA). The Annex covers tourism activities conducted by private, public, non-governmental and foreign bodies. The Annex also states The tourism authorities of Israel and the Palestinian Authority shall promote and encourage tourism to the region for the benefit of both sides. Thus, travel companies authorized by the PA were allowed to conduct tours that included Israel in their packages, and clearly marked tourist vehicles originating in PA-controlled areas were allowed to proceed into Israel.
Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty
On October 6, 14, King Hussein’s dream of establishing peace with Israel became a reality. The treaty was especially relevant for tourism. According to Annex V, the Israeli/Jordanian border is to be open in both directions for Israelis, Jordanians, and third country nationals. Existing arrangements are to remain in place for Muslim Israelis who cross into Jordan in transit to Saudi Arabia (which has yet to recognize the State of Israel) for Muslim pilgrimages. Also, border-crossing points are to be open from 800 AM to 60 PM (but closed on Yom Kippur and on the first day of the Muslim Al Hijrah calendar). By contrast, Israel’s widely used Eilat/Taba border is open 4 hours, thus making it far more comfortable and convenient for tourists to cross the border between Israel and Egypt than the border between Israel and Jordan.
Although very little was done in the way of land transfers, one particular transfer is worth mentioning the area on the northern Jordanian/Israeli border known in Israel as Naharayim and in Jordan as Baqura, some of which came under Jordanian sovereignty. Israeli landowners, however, along with their employees and guests, were permitted to go in and out as often as they wished, with no customs or immigration restrictions of any kind. In a very unusual move, the Annex declares that, while the land is under Jordanian sovereignty, the Israeli police department has jurisdiction over incidents solely involving the [Israeli] landowners, their invitees or employees. Further, Jordanian law does not apply to activities in which only Israelis are involved. Land purchases by non-Israelis, however, can only be done with Jordanian approval.
The Naharayim/Baqura region is known for its beautiful nature trails. The peace treaty is thus important in that it eases access to the area for tourists coming from both Jordan and Israel. According to an account by Haim Shapiro, During a recent tour of the site… we entered the Jordanian area without visas, having only registered our Israeli identity cards with the Israeli police post. A Jordanian officer briefly boarded our bus and in fluent Hebrew asked whether he could wish us Shabbat Shalom even if it was only noon Friday. As we toured the area in our Israeli bus, a Jordanian bus entered the area from the other side. The passengers in each waved to each other. (Haim Shapiro, Day Tripper Down by the Riverside, The Jerusalem Post, March 1, 17.)
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Tuesday, 3 July 2012
gays in the media and military
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Why is it that when a gay is exposed in the military, the country halts and pays full attention to the fact that a “queer” might be fighting for this great nation? And why is it that an entire state can be shocked by the community who’s football team’s star quarterback is a “fag?”
Will it matter then if the soldier leads this country into battle as an integral part of the army? And will it matter then if that quarterback leads the team to the state championship? Most likely, it won’t.
On top of the negativity that exists about gays/lesbians in the media one of the biggest concerns homosexuals have is lack of representation (in the media.)
There have been numerous gay rights marches, speakers, and not so pleasant beatings and brutal killings that somehow don’t make it to the news scene. In fact, in 15, 1% of 7,47 bias-motivated crimes reported to the FBI were committed out of sexual-orientation bias. (Hate Crime Statistics, 5.) While there are some, typically, there are no reports of these happenings in newspapers or television shows. However, there are a tremendous amount of half hour shows on what celebrities wore to the Grammy’s and who can survive on secluded island-eating bugs for six weeks. Where are our countries values?
The gay and lesbian community in this country has fought over countless incidents of negative feelings and prejudices in their role in the military and on high school teams. In the past 0 years they have strived to gain political, social, and religious respect, though the fight is still far from over. Some feel gays have made incredible strides, while others feel there has been little to no improvement from the
160-70’s. (Israel, 1.)
Not only should the gay and lesbian community receive coverage in the news, the attention given should be positive. In order to cast the proper view of homosexuals, the ever so important media needs to promote the educational basis to the public that will aid people in becoming more receptive and tolerant. (Israel, 17.) The media has such a large impact and influence on our society, thus the media’s bias plays a large role in what the country sees and how they see it.
Dr. Dane S. Claussen, the Assistant Professor of Communications & Mass Media at Southwest Missouri State University, believes that the following issues could have received much more media attention “men’s efforts to be openly gay Boy Scout leaders and several boys’ efforts to be openly gay Boy Scouts, the situation of men who are or are not openly gay in college fraternities, or would like to join college fraternities; gay athletes in high school, college and professional sports.” (Claussen) Opposing that are those who feel that the coverage of those issues is a little too much to ask. The media likes to focus on important eye catching material that will lure viewers, readers, or listeners. Media tends to cover HIV/AIDS, same-sex marriage, gay/lesbian parents adopting or retaining custody of children, gays/lesbians in the military, gay/lesbian politicians and entertainers, gay/lesbian characters and themes in television shows and movies, gay pride parades, and the role of gays/lesbians in organized religions because these issues are headliners. However, there are some alarming statistics that go unnoticed due to this topic’s lack of popularity.
For example, in 15, male homosexuals were the victims of the second largest amount of bias-violence to blacks who had the highest numbers. (Hate Crime Statistics, 1.) Yet the issues previously mentioned are just the controversial topics, the particular one’s the public is interested in. Underneath all of this is the reality that there really is little to no coverage of gays/lesbians in the media. (Claussen.) All the media covers are these particular issues, not the “typical homosexual” who is left in the background. The problem is, all gays aren’t afflicted with HIV/AIDS and all homosexuals are not in the military. There aren’t many gay entertainers and not all gay/lesbian parents have made the choice to adopt a child. The media tends to focus on specific examples that pertain to only a fraction of the gay community. With only bias coverage on gay/lesbian lifestyle, it is no wonder that the American public cannot see homosexuals as anything more then what these incidents portray gays/lesbians to be. Unfortunately the media does not give their reports in raw form. Everything we see, hear or read has been edited first. Through this careful selection process, important information may have been tossed, but no matter, the work is still produced. Unless having a first hand experience, the public has to rely on what the media shows them. If they (the media) show nothing at all, then the public takes their own views and opinions and shapes them, more often then not, into hatred. On the other hand, had gays/lesbians been shown as people just like you and me, the risk of hate crimes in this country towards gays/lesbians would most likely be reduced.
A vivid example of the media’s coverage of the gay/lesbian community is the controversial topic of gays/lesbians in the military in recent years. It began receiving media attention when more and more soldiers were “suing the U.S. Government to allow them to remain in the service…” (Claussen.) Although the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Don’t Pursue” policy has been implemented in U.S. forces, military officials believe it is not as effective as they may have hoped because some have been using this as an “out” from grueling military service, yet gay and lesbian organizations disagree. In the coverage the media has given this controversial matter, one important fact seemed to be left out. This one important fact has the potential to be what changes people’s views and may make some see how gays and lesbians serving in the military isn’t really all that bad. The media fails to report that there are numerous gays and lesbians serving in the military who have not been discharged by the personnel around them who are aware of their homosexuality. That forgotten fact is crucial.
Also, “once again the ethnocentric U.S. media have almost entirely overlooked the fact that openly gay men serve in other countries militaries without harming morale or effectiveness; are U.S. journalists so completely ignorant of the world, do they think the Unites States are so different from other countries and has nothing to learn from them, and/or do they support the U.S. military’s prejudice and ignorance? We do not know.” (Claussen) Dr. Claussen is saying that our country must be so arrogant that we cannot take and learn from other nations tolerance and acceptance of others. I agree with him because the U.S. really has a lot to learn in order to live up to the potential of one great nation, “for liberty and justice for all.”
In case you’re wondering, no, I’m not a lesbian. Maybe one would think that I am because I chose this topic, but I’m not. I just feel that it is crucial for the public to have important information concerning gays/lesbians at their (the public’s) disposal. Also, aside from mentioning only particular interests, I think it would be beneficial for the media to promote gay/lesbian awareness and include the positive aspects of their lifestyle and strides they’ve made as opposed to only defeats and hate crimes.
Before writing this paper, prejudices against the gay/lesbian community always concerned me because one of my best friends is a lesbian. She is not mentioned in newscasts or articles because she is considered to be a “normal” lesbian. That meaning she hasn’t adopted a child, or become affected with the HIV/AIDS virus. She’s just her, nothing special or fancy; she’s just a lesbian; she’s just Jen.
Unfortunately, I think to some extent that there will always be intolerance in society, whether it’s racial, religious or based on sexual preference. Hopefully, with the media’s help on their side, the gay/lesbian community can take hold of the public and show them that same sex relationships do not make them (gay/lesbian people) the devil, as many with anti views feel. I find it sad that no matter how big this society’s media grows, it’ll never be powerful unless it starts letting the discriminated minority in.
Mind that the sample papers like gays in the media and military presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Why is it that when a gay is exposed in the military, the country halts and pays full attention to the fact that a “queer” might be fighting for this great nation? And why is it that an entire state can be shocked by the community who’s football team’s star quarterback is a “fag?”
Will it matter then if the soldier leads this country into battle as an integral part of the army? And will it matter then if that quarterback leads the team to the state championship? Most likely, it won’t.
On top of the negativity that exists about gays/lesbians in the media one of the biggest concerns homosexuals have is lack of representation (in the media.)
There have been numerous gay rights marches, speakers, and not so pleasant beatings and brutal killings that somehow don’t make it to the news scene. In fact, in 15, 1% of 7,47 bias-motivated crimes reported to the FBI were committed out of sexual-orientation bias. (Hate Crime Statistics, 5.) While there are some, typically, there are no reports of these happenings in newspapers or television shows. However, there are a tremendous amount of half hour shows on what celebrities wore to the Grammy’s and who can survive on secluded island-eating bugs for six weeks. Where are our countries values?
The gay and lesbian community in this country has fought over countless incidents of negative feelings and prejudices in their role in the military and on high school teams. In the past 0 years they have strived to gain political, social, and religious respect, though the fight is still far from over. Some feel gays have made incredible strides, while others feel there has been little to no improvement from the
160-70’s. (Israel, 1.)
Not only should the gay and lesbian community receive coverage in the news, the attention given should be positive. In order to cast the proper view of homosexuals, the ever so important media needs to promote the educational basis to the public that will aid people in becoming more receptive and tolerant. (Israel, 17.) The media has such a large impact and influence on our society, thus the media’s bias plays a large role in what the country sees and how they see it.
Dr. Dane S. Claussen, the Assistant Professor of Communications & Mass Media at Southwest Missouri State University, believes that the following issues could have received much more media attention “men’s efforts to be openly gay Boy Scout leaders and several boys’ efforts to be openly gay Boy Scouts, the situation of men who are or are not openly gay in college fraternities, or would like to join college fraternities; gay athletes in high school, college and professional sports.” (Claussen) Opposing that are those who feel that the coverage of those issues is a little too much to ask. The media likes to focus on important eye catching material that will lure viewers, readers, or listeners. Media tends to cover HIV/AIDS, same-sex marriage, gay/lesbian parents adopting or retaining custody of children, gays/lesbians in the military, gay/lesbian politicians and entertainers, gay/lesbian characters and themes in television shows and movies, gay pride parades, and the role of gays/lesbians in organized religions because these issues are headliners. However, there are some alarming statistics that go unnoticed due to this topic’s lack of popularity.
For example, in 15, male homosexuals were the victims of the second largest amount of bias-violence to blacks who had the highest numbers. (Hate Crime Statistics, 1.) Yet the issues previously mentioned are just the controversial topics, the particular one’s the public is interested in. Underneath all of this is the reality that there really is little to no coverage of gays/lesbians in the media. (Claussen.) All the media covers are these particular issues, not the “typical homosexual” who is left in the background. The problem is, all gays aren’t afflicted with HIV/AIDS and all homosexuals are not in the military. There aren’t many gay entertainers and not all gay/lesbian parents have made the choice to adopt a child. The media tends to focus on specific examples that pertain to only a fraction of the gay community. With only bias coverage on gay/lesbian lifestyle, it is no wonder that the American public cannot see homosexuals as anything more then what these incidents portray gays/lesbians to be. Unfortunately the media does not give their reports in raw form. Everything we see, hear or read has been edited first. Through this careful selection process, important information may have been tossed, but no matter, the work is still produced. Unless having a first hand experience, the public has to rely on what the media shows them. If they (the media) show nothing at all, then the public takes their own views and opinions and shapes them, more often then not, into hatred. On the other hand, had gays/lesbians been shown as people just like you and me, the risk of hate crimes in this country towards gays/lesbians would most likely be reduced.
A vivid example of the media’s coverage of the gay/lesbian community is the controversial topic of gays/lesbians in the military in recent years. It began receiving media attention when more and more soldiers were “suing the U.S. Government to allow them to remain in the service…” (Claussen.) Although the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Don’t Pursue” policy has been implemented in U.S. forces, military officials believe it is not as effective as they may have hoped because some have been using this as an “out” from grueling military service, yet gay and lesbian organizations disagree. In the coverage the media has given this controversial matter, one important fact seemed to be left out. This one important fact has the potential to be what changes people’s views and may make some see how gays and lesbians serving in the military isn’t really all that bad. The media fails to report that there are numerous gays and lesbians serving in the military who have not been discharged by the personnel around them who are aware of their homosexuality. That forgotten fact is crucial.
Also, “once again the ethnocentric U.S. media have almost entirely overlooked the fact that openly gay men serve in other countries militaries without harming morale or effectiveness; are U.S. journalists so completely ignorant of the world, do they think the Unites States are so different from other countries and has nothing to learn from them, and/or do they support the U.S. military’s prejudice and ignorance? We do not know.” (Claussen) Dr. Claussen is saying that our country must be so arrogant that we cannot take and learn from other nations tolerance and acceptance of others. I agree with him because the U.S. really has a lot to learn in order to live up to the potential of one great nation, “for liberty and justice for all.”
In case you’re wondering, no, I’m not a lesbian. Maybe one would think that I am because I chose this topic, but I’m not. I just feel that it is crucial for the public to have important information concerning gays/lesbians at their (the public’s) disposal. Also, aside from mentioning only particular interests, I think it would be beneficial for the media to promote gay/lesbian awareness and include the positive aspects of their lifestyle and strides they’ve made as opposed to only defeats and hate crimes.
Before writing this paper, prejudices against the gay/lesbian community always concerned me because one of my best friends is a lesbian. She is not mentioned in newscasts or articles because she is considered to be a “normal” lesbian. That meaning she hasn’t adopted a child, or become affected with the HIV/AIDS virus. She’s just her, nothing special or fancy; she’s just a lesbian; she’s just Jen.
Unfortunately, I think to some extent that there will always be intolerance in society, whether it’s racial, religious or based on sexual preference. Hopefully, with the media’s help on their side, the gay/lesbian community can take hold of the public and show them that same sex relationships do not make them (gay/lesbian people) the devil, as many with anti views feel. I find it sad that no matter how big this society’s media grows, it’ll never be powerful unless it starts letting the discriminated minority in.
Mind that the sample papers like gays in the media and military presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Monday, 18 June 2012
A solitary blue
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like A solitary blue even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like A solitary blue in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The novel “A Solitary Blue” was written by Cynthia Voigt. It was about a boy named Jeff Greene whose mother walked out on him and his father when he was young. Jeff and his father were left on their own. This was a challenge for them both since Jeff did not know his father well because he had spent most of his childhood with his mother. Mrs. Greene came in and out Jeff’s life as Jeff came over to her place in the summer a few times. There, he realized that his mother did not love him as he thought. Jeff struggled with his pain for a while in isolation until he decided to open up with others, and learns to cope with the changes.I found that this story was both hard and easy to read, depending on the situation. The sad moments happened when Jeff reunited with his mother for summer vacation. It was difficult to read about the way that she treated him and how she often neglected him. I sympathized entirely with what Jeff went through. It was tough to see him have his heart broken time and time again by his own mother, then to see him draw away from everyone else. The easy parts for me to read were those when Jeff was happy when things were going well in his life. He eventually learned to trust others again as time progresses. Once he allowed other people to enter and help him in his life, he discovered that there is much more to his life than his mother alone.
Mind that the sample papers like A solitary blue presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The novel “A Solitary Blue” was written by Cynthia Voigt. It was about a boy named Jeff Greene whose mother walked out on him and his father when he was young. Jeff and his father were left on their own. This was a challenge for them both since Jeff did not know his father well because he had spent most of his childhood with his mother. Mrs. Greene came in and out Jeff’s life as Jeff came over to her place in the summer a few times. There, he realized that his mother did not love him as he thought. Jeff struggled with his pain for a while in isolation until he decided to open up with others, and learns to cope with the changes.I found that this story was both hard and easy to read, depending on the situation. The sad moments happened when Jeff reunited with his mother for summer vacation. It was difficult to read about the way that she treated him and how she often neglected him. I sympathized entirely with what Jeff went through. It was tough to see him have his heart broken time and time again by his own mother, then to see him draw away from everyone else. The easy parts for me to read were those when Jeff was happy when things were going well in his life. He eventually learned to trust others again as time progresses. Once he allowed other people to enter and help him in his life, he discovered that there is much more to his life than his mother alone.
Mind that the sample papers like A solitary blue presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, 5 June 2012
the affect of osmosis on a potato tissue
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like the affect of osmosis on a potato tissue even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like the affect of osmosis on a potato tissue in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Biology coursework
Investigation of osmosis in potato tissue
AIM
· To investigate the effects that occur by osmosis on potato tissue
Hypothesis
I believe that the higher the concentration of sugar solution, the mass of the potato decreases yet I believe that after 0.4 the mass decreases.
Scientific knowledge
A biochemical process in living cells, that occurs with the movement of water. It can be deemed as the movement of water from a high concentration to a lower concentration, the diffusion down a water potential gradient across a partially permeable membrane. This will continue until and equilibrium has been reached. A cell, in a lower water potential than its contents leaves by osmosis causing it to become flaccid.
A cell, in a higher concentration than its potential water enters by osmosis and the cell becomes turgid.
Independent variable
Factors needed in the experiment that I must change fully answer my hypothesis. For my practical I will need to keep changing the concentration of each solution. Therefore I will use 5 different types, 0m, 0.m, 0.5m, 0.7m, and 1m. I will test each conc. times to check for anomalies and be able to give clear results. Shown below is a table telling how I will make the solutions.
Conc. Of solution Sugar percentage Water percentage
0m 0 10
m 7
5m 5 5
7m 7
1m 10 0
Dependent variable
The change in mass is how I will be able to fully answer my hypothesis constantly measuring the mass before and after the test.
Constant variable
To make the practical fair I need to keep certain factor the same, such as vol. Of solution as it must be kept constant i.e. 10cm, this means if it is changed then osmosis might not be able to fully reach its equilibrium. Also I must measure the length of each potato chip to cm to keep the test fairer.
Method
Firstly I cut a cm chip of potato and place it in 10cm of a concentrated solution that I made myself.
I measure the mass of the potato before the test and then place it in the test tube, which has a certain concentration. After a set amount of time I take the potato out of test tube and again weigh the potato. I repeat this process 15 times, with different concentrations.
The control that I will be using in this experiment will be 0m.
Mind that the sample papers like the affect of osmosis on a potato tissue presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Biology coursework
Investigation of osmosis in potato tissue
AIM
· To investigate the effects that occur by osmosis on potato tissue
Hypothesis
I believe that the higher the concentration of sugar solution, the mass of the potato decreases yet I believe that after 0.4 the mass decreases.
Scientific knowledge
A biochemical process in living cells, that occurs with the movement of water. It can be deemed as the movement of water from a high concentration to a lower concentration, the diffusion down a water potential gradient across a partially permeable membrane. This will continue until and equilibrium has been reached. A cell, in a lower water potential than its contents leaves by osmosis causing it to become flaccid.
A cell, in a higher concentration than its potential water enters by osmosis and the cell becomes turgid.
Independent variable
Factors needed in the experiment that I must change fully answer my hypothesis. For my practical I will need to keep changing the concentration of each solution. Therefore I will use 5 different types, 0m, 0.m, 0.5m, 0.7m, and 1m. I will test each conc. times to check for anomalies and be able to give clear results. Shown below is a table telling how I will make the solutions.
Conc. Of solution Sugar percentage Water percentage
0m 0 10
m 7
5m 5 5
7m 7
1m 10 0
Dependent variable
The change in mass is how I will be able to fully answer my hypothesis constantly measuring the mass before and after the test.
Constant variable
To make the practical fair I need to keep certain factor the same, such as vol. Of solution as it must be kept constant i.e. 10cm, this means if it is changed then osmosis might not be able to fully reach its equilibrium. Also I must measure the length of each potato chip to cm to keep the test fairer.
Method
Firstly I cut a cm chip of potato and place it in 10cm of a concentrated solution that I made myself.
I measure the mass of the potato before the test and then place it in the test tube, which has a certain concentration. After a set amount of time I take the potato out of test tube and again weigh the potato. I repeat this process 15 times, with different concentrations.
The control that I will be using in this experiment will be 0m.
Mind that the sample papers like the affect of osmosis on a potato tissue presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Aid
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Aid even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Aid in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
It would be wrong to paint the developing world as the repository of all human misery, very wrong. Progress is being made. In the past four decades life expectancy has increased by some 0 years, while the infant mortality rate has fallen by more than half. Writes-Concern Chief Executive David Begg.
As Begg states aid is making progress and it is centred in the changing role of women in these developing societies. In Ireland gender equality is taken for granted but this is not the case in the developing world.
In the poverty stricken country of Azerbaijan females are treated as second class citizens. Efforts to prevent this are being made by the International Rescue Committee though aid. They train women as community health outreach workers, focusing on the issues such as basic first aid, reproductive health, pre and post-natal care, nutrition, hygiene, and immunizations. This is giving the women the opportunity to put back into their country what they receive from others.
It cannot be argued that women hold the key to poverty eradication, and education is the key to women’s empowerment. Aid investments in education for girls is the single most effective way of reducing poverty. Like in Afghanistan where for the past 0 years the IRC has been training Afghan women to be teachers and school administrators, so that their children have educational opportunities and they can provide an income for their families.
Lady’s and gentlemen, research has shown that women with even a few years of basic education are economically more productive, have smaller, healthier families, and are more likely to send their own children to school. Yet almost two out of every three illiterate people are women. In Mozambique class-rooms have been built to accommodate more than 000 children. Financial and technical support for teacher training has been supplied. While in the war torn country of Liberia Concern provides aid helping local communities repair and restore damaged schools. Parent-teacher association provided labour and some materials. Concern provided tools, materials and technical assistance.
It is often said that the hand that rocks the cradle is the hand that rules the world. Women of the developing world have the right to this statement and so deserve legal protection. Maria Minna Canada’s Minister for international cooperation contributed $46000 on behalf of the Canadian International Development agency to a legal aid project that concentrates on protecting and promoting the rights of women and children in Tanzania. The aid project allowed them to make better use of the judicial system that will protect them and give them the stamina to take one step closer to the male dominant society.
My friends, equal access to land and property, water and education will not only aid women in the developing world, but improve development prospects. In Somaliland women get this opportunity. Here the IRC runs small enterprise development aid projects for women. The project helps women start up small retail outlets for seeds, hand tools and other agricultural supplies as well as types of shops and businesses.
Removing barriers to women’s equality will release a massive, under-valued stock of human potential, with benefits for all. There is now little remaining doubt that discrimination against women and poverty go hand in hand.
Mind that the sample papers like Aid presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
It would be wrong to paint the developing world as the repository of all human misery, very wrong. Progress is being made. In the past four decades life expectancy has increased by some 0 years, while the infant mortality rate has fallen by more than half. Writes-Concern Chief Executive David Begg.
As Begg states aid is making progress and it is centred in the changing role of women in these developing societies. In Ireland gender equality is taken for granted but this is not the case in the developing world.
In the poverty stricken country of Azerbaijan females are treated as second class citizens. Efforts to prevent this are being made by the International Rescue Committee though aid. They train women as community health outreach workers, focusing on the issues such as basic first aid, reproductive health, pre and post-natal care, nutrition, hygiene, and immunizations. This is giving the women the opportunity to put back into their country what they receive from others.
It cannot be argued that women hold the key to poverty eradication, and education is the key to women’s empowerment. Aid investments in education for girls is the single most effective way of reducing poverty. Like in Afghanistan where for the past 0 years the IRC has been training Afghan women to be teachers and school administrators, so that their children have educational opportunities and they can provide an income for their families.
Lady’s and gentlemen, research has shown that women with even a few years of basic education are economically more productive, have smaller, healthier families, and are more likely to send their own children to school. Yet almost two out of every three illiterate people are women. In Mozambique class-rooms have been built to accommodate more than 000 children. Financial and technical support for teacher training has been supplied. While in the war torn country of Liberia Concern provides aid helping local communities repair and restore damaged schools. Parent-teacher association provided labour and some materials. Concern provided tools, materials and technical assistance.
It is often said that the hand that rocks the cradle is the hand that rules the world. Women of the developing world have the right to this statement and so deserve legal protection. Maria Minna Canada’s Minister for international cooperation contributed $46000 on behalf of the Canadian International Development agency to a legal aid project that concentrates on protecting and promoting the rights of women and children in Tanzania. The aid project allowed them to make better use of the judicial system that will protect them and give them the stamina to take one step closer to the male dominant society.
My friends, equal access to land and property, water and education will not only aid women in the developing world, but improve development prospects. In Somaliland women get this opportunity. Here the IRC runs small enterprise development aid projects for women. The project helps women start up small retail outlets for seeds, hand tools and other agricultural supplies as well as types of shops and businesses.
Removing barriers to women’s equality will release a massive, under-valued stock of human potential, with benefits for all. There is now little remaining doubt that discrimination against women and poverty go hand in hand.
Mind that the sample papers like Aid presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
statement of purpose
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like statement of purpose even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like statement of purpose in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
STATEMENT GIVING A SHORT PROFILE, RESEARCH ENDEAVOURS AND FUTURE GOALS.
I’m a budding scientist and I think one of the distinguishing characteristics is the diversity of experiences I possess.
I’m Cynthia Gershome from India. I have been working in one of India’s reputed Research and Development organisations, Dr. Reddy’s Research Foundation for the past two years. For the betterment of my academic credentials and to gain an in-depth understanding of Pharmacological sciences, I intend to pursue a PhD degree. My objective for graduate studies in Pharmacological sciences is to prepare myself for a career in research.
During these two years at Dr.Reddy’s research foundation, I found my work experience and laboratory training to be extremely rewarding. My learning curve has been boosted tremendously during my stint here. A broad spectrum of responsibilities have been assigned to me, some of which have been of research experience, includes screening out new chemical entities (NCEs) in both in vivo and invitro conditions. Our lab is involved in the in-depth studies concerning the actions of PPAR ligands at the cellular and sub-cellular levels. I was involved in standardizing protocols in the lab and executing experiments in primary hepatocyte culture and cancer cell lines like HepG, HCT and other cell lines like TL1, L6, THP-1 cell lines. Apart from this I have also been exposed to a fair amount of work in cell biology including immunoprecipitation, glucose uptake studies, enzyme assays like COX, CAT assay. Apart from this I have experience in animal handling and have screened NCE’s in various animal models such as db/db, ob/ob, Zucker fa/fa rats, ob-SAM, SAM, C57BL6 mice. Working at this level in an industrial milieu has convinced me to pursue my research as a viable career.
Among the several outcomes of our research endeavors has been a poster presented at the 6nd scientific session of American Diabetes Association meeting held at San Francisco (June 14-18,00). It focussed on the novel antidiabetic compound DRF 75.
I intend pursuing my Ph.D. in pharmacological sciences as a means of achieving this end.
In my undergraduate course I was exposed to comprehensive course work on core fields in Biochemistry. In my Masters program, I chose Medical Biochemistry as my main course. There, I had the distinction of standing nd in the entire university. One experience was a project involving potential Thomsen-Fredienreich Antigen and or Alpha Galactoside containing Glycoproteins of Human plasma, which really fired up my mind towards research. Besides opening up the world of scientific research for me, I have been sensitized to possible shortcomings and pitfalls that I might encounter. Working independently for the most part on the project boosted my confidence, helping me in understanding various concepts pertaining to descriptive research on proteins. Work apart, my presentation skills were instrumental in giving me a competitive edge over my peers. I got a coveted opportunity to chair a symposium session on Nitric oxide in the Society of Biological Chemists (Pondicherry Chapter, Jan 000). I would relish a chance to indulge my creative side and gain a deeper understanding of scientific research, given its dynamic nature.
Looking ahead, I would not hesitate seeing myself pursuing a career in quality research devoted to specifically understanding current problems that affect the health and lives of our society.
With these broad interests and specific goals, I am interested in the Graduate program in ---at---- university. Being part of this school would help me become a successful researcher, as I believe the department has a positive blend of resources and attitude for shaping a student in to an excellent researcher.I am looking for. I would be highly indebted if I get an opportunity to explore my interests in cell biology and pharmacology.
I feel that these attributes, combined with a profound interest in the pharmacological sciences will ensure me success for me as a graduate student of --- university if given an opportunity.
Mind that the sample papers like statement of purpose presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
STATEMENT GIVING A SHORT PROFILE, RESEARCH ENDEAVOURS AND FUTURE GOALS.
I’m a budding scientist and I think one of the distinguishing characteristics is the diversity of experiences I possess.
I’m Cynthia Gershome from India. I have been working in one of India’s reputed Research and Development organisations, Dr. Reddy’s Research Foundation for the past two years. For the betterment of my academic credentials and to gain an in-depth understanding of Pharmacological sciences, I intend to pursue a PhD degree. My objective for graduate studies in Pharmacological sciences is to prepare myself for a career in research.
During these two years at Dr.Reddy’s research foundation, I found my work experience and laboratory training to be extremely rewarding. My learning curve has been boosted tremendously during my stint here. A broad spectrum of responsibilities have been assigned to me, some of which have been of research experience, includes screening out new chemical entities (NCEs) in both in vivo and invitro conditions. Our lab is involved in the in-depth studies concerning the actions of PPAR ligands at the cellular and sub-cellular levels. I was involved in standardizing protocols in the lab and executing experiments in primary hepatocyte culture and cancer cell lines like HepG, HCT and other cell lines like TL1, L6, THP-1 cell lines. Apart from this I have also been exposed to a fair amount of work in cell biology including immunoprecipitation, glucose uptake studies, enzyme assays like COX, CAT assay. Apart from this I have experience in animal handling and have screened NCE’s in various animal models such as db/db, ob/ob, Zucker fa/fa rats, ob-SAM, SAM, C57BL6 mice. Working at this level in an industrial milieu has convinced me to pursue my research as a viable career.
Among the several outcomes of our research endeavors has been a poster presented at the 6nd scientific session of American Diabetes Association meeting held at San Francisco (June 14-18,00). It focussed on the novel antidiabetic compound DRF 75.
I intend pursuing my Ph.D. in pharmacological sciences as a means of achieving this end.
In my undergraduate course I was exposed to comprehensive course work on core fields in Biochemistry. In my Masters program, I chose Medical Biochemistry as my main course. There, I had the distinction of standing nd in the entire university. One experience was a project involving potential Thomsen-Fredienreich Antigen and or Alpha Galactoside containing Glycoproteins of Human plasma, which really fired up my mind towards research. Besides opening up the world of scientific research for me, I have been sensitized to possible shortcomings and pitfalls that I might encounter. Working independently for the most part on the project boosted my confidence, helping me in understanding various concepts pertaining to descriptive research on proteins. Work apart, my presentation skills were instrumental in giving me a competitive edge over my peers. I got a coveted opportunity to chair a symposium session on Nitric oxide in the Society of Biological Chemists (Pondicherry Chapter, Jan 000). I would relish a chance to indulge my creative side and gain a deeper understanding of scientific research, given its dynamic nature.
Looking ahead, I would not hesitate seeing myself pursuing a career in quality research devoted to specifically understanding current problems that affect the health and lives of our society.
With these broad interests and specific goals, I am interested in the Graduate program in ---at---- university. Being part of this school would help me become a successful researcher, as I believe the department has a positive blend of resources and attitude for shaping a student in to an excellent researcher.I am looking for. I would be highly indebted if I get an opportunity to explore my interests in cell biology and pharmacology.
I feel that these attributes, combined with a profound interest in the pharmacological sciences will ensure me success for me as a graduate student of --- university if given an opportunity.
Mind that the sample papers like statement of purpose presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
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